Editing Italian East Africa (section)

==Atrocities==

===War Crimes===
{{main|Second Italo-Ethiopian War#War crimes|Italian war crimes}}
[[File:24. Adolf Hoffmeister, Řím nese černou kulturu Habešanům, 1936.jpg|thumb|''Rome brings black culture to the Abbysians'', caricature by [[Adolf Hoffmeister]], 1936.]]

During the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]], Italian forces used between 300 and 500 tons of [[mustard gas]] (yperite) against both military and civilian targets, despite being a signatory to the 1925 [[Geneva Protocol]] banning chemical warfare.{{sfn|Ben-Ghiat|Fuller|2016|p=41}} This gas, produced during World War I, was a decisive factor in the conflict, with historian Walter Laqueur estimating that up to one-third of Ethiopian casualties resulted from chemical weapons.{{sfn|Laqueur|2001|p=57}} Although Italy justified its use of gas by citing the execution of pilot Tito Minniti, Mussolini had authorized gas attacks two months before Minniti’s death and later expanded their use on a massive scale. Mustard gas was delivered via bombs and gas shells, sprayed from aircraft onto Ethiopian soldiers, villages, and even Red Cross medical units.{{sfn|Belladonna|2015}}{{sfn|Sbacchi|1997|p=57-85}} The attacks, which the Italians attempted to keep secret, were exposed by the [[International Committee of the Red Cross|International Red Cross]] and foreign observers.{{sfn|Ben-Ghiat|Fuller|2016|p=4-56}}{{sfn|Campbell|2017|p=38}} Selassie, in his plea to the League of Nations, condemned the use of chemical weapons, detailing their widespread and horrific effects on people, animals, and the environment. [[Army of the Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopian forces]] employed [[Expanding bullet|Dum-Dum bullets]], banned under the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|Hague Convention]], and reportedly mutilated captured [[Royal Corps of Eritrean Colonial Troops|Eritrean Askari]] and Italian soldiers. On 13 February 1936, a camp of civilian workers for the logistics company [[Gondrand]], engaged at the time in road construction, was [[Gondrand massacre|attacked and massacred]] at dawn by Ethiopian soldiers under the orders of [[Imru Haile Selassie|Ras Imru]]. The massacre was publicized by Fascist Italy in an attempt to justify its ongoing invasion and the escalating the brutality of the reprisals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Andreani|first1=Marco|title=Photography as Power: Dominance and Resistance through the Italian Lens|last2=Pazzaglia|first2=Nicoletta|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2019|isbn=978-1527524880|pages=83–86}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Baudendistel|first=Rainer|title=Between Bombs and Good Intentions: The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2006|isbn=1782388729|location=Oxford and New York|pages=242–246}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Forgacs|first=David|title=Italy's Margins: Social Exclusion and Nation Formation since 1861|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1139868143|pages=123–127}}</ref>

===Yekatit 12===
{{main|Yekatit 12}}
On 19 February 1937, to celebrate the birth of the [[Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples|Prince of Naples]], [[Rodolfo Graziani]] announced he would personally distribute alms to the poor at the [[Guenete Leul Palace|Genete Leul Palace]] (also known as the Little Gebbi). Two young [[Eritreans]] living in Ethiopia named Abraha Deboch and Mogus Asgedom made an attempt on Graziani's life by throwing grenades.<ref name="Mockler2003">{{cite book |last1=Mockler |first1=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aOZKULYp5FAC |title=Haile Selassie's War |publisher=[[Signal Books]] |year=2003 |isbn=9781902669533 |edition=3rd |publication-place=Oxford |pages=163–173 |language=English |chapter=Chapter 14: Yekatit 12 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aOZKULYp5FAC&pg=PA174 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Following the attempt, Italian soldiers raided the [[Debre Libanos]] monastery, where the assassins were believed to have taken refuge, and executed hundreds of the monks and nuns.<ref name="cann"/>{{rp|5}} Italian forces, mostly [[Blackshirt]]s, then continued to carry out brutal reprisals in [[Addis Ababa]]. Over the next three days, thousands of Ethiopian civilians were massacred, according to Ethiopian estimates, ranging from 19,000 to 30,000 deaths. Italian troops, [[Blackshirt]] militias, and Fascist supporters set fire to homes, businesses, and churches, killing indiscriminately.<ref name="cann"/>{{rp|5}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarti |first1=Roland |title=The Ax Within: Italian Fascism in Action |year=1974 |publisher=New Viewpoints |isbn=978-0-53-106367-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/axwithinitalianf0000sart/page/191 191] |language=en |oclc=600764772 |url=https://archive.org/details/axwithinitalianf0000sart/page/191}}</ref> The massacre has come to be known as [[Yekatit 12]] (the date in the Ethiopian language).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Ian |title="Yekatit" 12 Revisited: New Light on the Strike Against Graziani |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |year=2007 |volume=40 |issue=1/2 |pages=135–154 |issn=0304-2243 |jstor=41988224}}</ref> After the massacres, Graziani became known as "the Butcher of Ethiopia" and was subsequently removed by [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mockler |first1=Anthony |title=Haile Selassie's War: The Italian-Ethiopian Campaign, 1939–1941 |year=1985 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-39-454222-5 |language=en |oclc=516514436}}</ref> Mussolini viewed the action as a major setback for Fascist propaganda and was concerned that the growing resentment among the natives would increase the number of individuals joining the resistance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Knox |first1=MacGregor |title=Mussolini Unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War |year=2005 |publisher=ACLS History E-Book Project |page=150 |language=en |oclc=278096179}}</ref> As a result, Graziani was replaced by [[Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta]], whose pacification by apartheid approach minimized the risk of a united front against the Italians as an aftermath of the massacre.{{sfn|Campbell|2017|p=338-339}} 

<gallery mode="packed"  heights="160" class="center">
File:Graziani ferito.jpg|[[Rodolfo Graziani]] after surviving an attempt on his life
File:Ethiopian Victims of the Fascists.jpg |A victim tied to a tree
File:Vittime della strage di Addis Abeba compiuta tra il 19 e il 21 febbraio 1937.jpg|Dead bodies being loaded off of a transport 
</gallery>

===Concentration camps===
{{main|List of Italian concentration camps|Nocra prison camp|Danane concentration camp}}
[[Nocra prison camp]] was a notorious Italian detention facility located on [[Nakura|Nocra Island]] in the [[Dahlak Archipelago|Dahlak Archipelago, Eritrea]]. Originally established by the Italians in the late 19th century, it was used throughout the colonial period as a remote and harsh prison for [[Political prisoner|political dissidents]], [[Arbegnoch|Ethiopian resistance fighters]], and other individuals deemed threats to Italian rule. The prison was infamous for its inhumane conditions, including [[Box (torture)|extreme heat]], [[Forced labour|forced labor]], and [[Starvation (crime)|inadequate food]].{{sfn|Campbell|2017|p=201,233}} Prisoners were subjected to harsh punishments, with many dying due to disease or [[Malnutrition|malnutrition]].{{sfn|Sbacchi|1997|p=131-133}} During the Italian occupation of Ethiopia (1936-1941), Nocra housed much of the [[intelligentsia]] of Ethiopia with some being executed and the remainder exiled to penal colonies. As a result, post-World War II Ethiopia found itself impoverished of skilled workers.{{sfn|Campbell|2017|p=234}}

The [[Danane concentration camp|Danane concentration camp]] was another Italian [[concentration camp]] established near [[Mogadishu]] in Italian East Africa.{{sfn|Campbell|2017|p=233}} Danane concentration camp Prisoners were transported from [[Addis Ababa]] to Danane in covered trucks by night to avoid them being seen. By the time they arrived at Danane, a journey of more than four weeks, several had died of disease and hardships along the way.{{sfn|Campbell|2017|p=233}} Conflicting reports make it hard to accurately assess the extent of death among the prisoners. [[Rodolfo Graziani|Graziani]] ordered that they be given only enough food to survive, and the conditions in which they were held were dire.{{sfn|Sbacchi|1997|p=132}} The facilities were poor, with insufficient latrines, and they faced a [[Humidity|humid climate]] that contributed to outbreaks of [[Malaria|malaria]], stomach infections, and [[Sexually transmitted infection|venereal diseases]].{{sfn|Sbacchi|1997|p=132-133}}{{sfn|Campbell|2017|p=232}}