Editing Islamophobia (section)

===Media===
{{main|Islamophobia in the media}}

According to [[Elizabeth Poole]] in the ''Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies'', the media have been criticized for perpetrating Islamophobia. She cites a case study examining a sample of articles in the [[British press]] from between 1994 and 2004, which concluded that Muslim viewpoints were underrepresented and that issues involving Muslims usually depicted them in a negative light. Such portrayals, according to Poole, include the depiction of Islam and Muslims as a threat to Western security and [[European values|values]].{{sfn|Poole|2003|p=217}} Benn and Jawad write that hostility towards Islam and Muslims are "closely linked to media portrayals of Islam as barbaric, irrational, primitive and sexist."{{sfn|Benn|Jawad|2003|p=165}} Egorova and Tudor cite European researchers in suggesting that expressions used in the media such as "Islamic terrorism", "Islamic bombs" and "violent Islam" have resulted in a negative perception of Islam.<ref name=egorova>See Egorova; Tudor (2003) pp. 2–3, which cites the conclusions of Marquina and Rebolledo in: "A. Marquina, V. G. Rebolledo, 'The Dialogue between the European Union and the Islamic World' in Interreligious Dialogues: Christians, Jews, Muslims, Annals of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, v. 24, no. 10, Austria, 2000, pp. 166–68. "</ref> John E. Richardson's 2004 book ''(Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers'', criticized the [[Media of the United Kingdom|British media]] for propagating negative [[Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States|stereotypes of Muslims]] and fueling [[Anti-Muslim prejudice in the United Kingdom|anti-Muslim prejudice]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richardson|first=John E.|title=(Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers|publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company]]|year=2004|isbn=978-90-272-2699-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WanqiF2XULsC}}</ref> In another study conducted by John E. Richardson, he found that 85% of mainstream newspaper articles treated Muslims as a homogeneous mass and portrayed them as a threat to British society.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Richardson | first1 = J. E. | year = 2009 | title = 'Get Shot of the Lot of Them': Election Reporting of Muslims in British Newspapers | journal = Patterns of Prejudice | volume = 43 | issue = 3–4| pages = 355–77 | doi=10.1080/00313220903109276| s2cid = 145772695 }}</ref>

The [[University of Georgia|Universities of Georgia]] and [[University of Alabama|Alabama]] in the [[United States]] conducted a study comparing media coverage of "terrorist attacks" committed by Islamist militants with those of non-Muslims in the United States.&nbsp; Researchers found that "terrorist attacks" by Islamist militants receive 357% more [[Mass media|media]] attention than attacks committed by non-Muslims or whites. Terrorist attacks committed by non-Muslims (or where the religion was unknown) received an average of 15 headlines, while those committed by Muslim extremists received 105 headlines. The study was based on an analysis of news reports covering [[List of terrorist incidents|terrorist attacks]] in the United States between 2005 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chalabi, Mona|date=July 20, 2018|title=Terror attacks by Muslims receive 357% more press attention, study finds|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/20/muslim-terror-attacks-press-coverage-study|access-date=December 4, 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Staff|date=February 19, 2019|title=Terror Attacks By Muslims Get 357 percent More Media Coverage Than Other Terror Attacks, Study Shows|url=https://news.gsu.edu/2019/02/19/terror-attacks-by-muslims-get-disproportionate-news-coverage/|access-date=December 15, 2020|website=Georgia State News Hub|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kearns|first1=Erin M.|last2=Betus|first2=Allison E.|last3=Lemieux|first3=Anthony F.|date=2019-09-19|title=Why Do Some Terrorist Attacks Receive More Media Attention Than Others?|journal=Justice Quarterly|volume=36|issue=6|pages=985–1022|doi=10.1080/07418825.2018.1524507|s2cid=220405703|issn=0741-8825}}</ref> This was despite the fact that [[Far right extremists|far-right extremists]] were responsible for almost double the number of [[Domestic terrorist attacks in the United States|terrorist acts in US]] attributed to Muslim individuals between 2008 and 2016. In spite of this disparity, US and UK governments have been negligent in confronting [[far-right terrorist]]s, instead focusing almost all their [[Counterterrorism|counter-terrorism]] resources on imposing surveillance measures on Muslim population and censoring Muslim activists. Many right-wing politicians have also engaged in anti-Muslim rhetoric, indirectly motivating far-right groups to intensify violent hate crimes against Muslims.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chalabi |first=Mona |date=20 July 2018 |title=Terror attacks by Muslims receive 357% more press attention, study finds |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/20/muslim-terror-attacks-press-coverage-study |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216092039/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/20/muslim-terror-attacks-press-coverage-study |archive-date=16 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Neiwert |first=David |date=22 June 2017 |title=Far-right extremists have hatched far more terror plots than anyone else in recent years |work=Reveal News |url=https://revealnews.org/article/home-is-where-the-hate-is/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724031754/https://revealnews.org/article/home-is-where-the-hate-is/ |archive-date=24 July 2019}}</ref>

In 2009, [[Mehdi Hasan]] in the ''[[New Statesman]]'' criticized [[Western media]] for over-reporting a few [[Islamist terrorist]] incidents but under-reporting the much larger number of planned non-Islamist terrorist attacks carried out by "non-Irish [[White people|white]] folks".<ref>{{cite web|title=Know your enemy|author=Mehdi Hasan|website=[[New Statesman]]|date=9 July 2009|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/2009/07/mehdi-hasan-muslim-terrorism-white-british|access-date=9 April 2010}}</ref> A 2012 study indicates that Muslims across different European countries, such as France, Germany and the United Kingdom, experience the highest degree of Islamophobia in the media.<ref name=kunst2012b/> Media personalities have been accused of Islamophobia. The obituary in ''[[The Guardian]]'' for the Italian journalist [[Oriana Fallaci]] described her as "notorious for her Islamaphobia" {{sic}}.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/italy/story/0,1873911,00.html Obituary of Oriana Fallaci] – [[The Guardian]], 16 September 2006. "''Controversial Italian journalist famed for her interviews and war reports but notorious for her Islamaphobia''"</ref> The Institute for Social Policy and Understanding published a report in 2018 where they stated, "In terms of print media coverage, Muslim-perceived perpetrators received twice the absolute quantity of media coverage as their non-Muslim counterparts in the cases of violent completed acts. For "foiled" plots, they received seven and half times the media coverage as their counterparts."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imv-report.org/|title=Equal Treatment? Measuring the Legal and Media Responses to Ideologically Motivated Violence in the US|website=The Institute for Social Policy and Understanding|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>

Nathan Lean used the term "Islamophobia industry" in the 2012 book ''The Islamophobia Industry: How the Right Manufactures Fear of Muslims'' to describe how certain ideologies and political proclivities have converged to advance the same agenda.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Islamophobia Industry: How the Right Manufactures Fear of Muslims|last = Lean|first = Nathan|publisher = Pluto Press|year = 2012|page = 66}}</ref> The "Islamophobia industry" has since been discussed by other scholars including Joseph Kaminski,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaminski |first1=Joseph |title=The Islamophobia Industry, Hate, and Its Impact on Muslim Immigrants and OIC State Development |journal=Islamophobia Studies Journal |date=2014 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=157–176 |doi=10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0157 }}</ref> Hatem Bazian,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bazian |first1=Hatem |title=The Islamophobia Industry and the Demonization of Palestine: Implications for American Studies |journal=American Quarterly |date=21 December 2015 |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=1057–1066 |doi=10.1353/aq.2015.0073 |s2cid=146731799 |issn=1080-6490}}</ref> Arlene Stein, Zakia Salime, [[Reza Aslan]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stein |first1=Arlene |last2=Salime |first2=Zakia |title=Manufacturing Islamophobia: Rightwing Pseudo-Documentaries and the Paranoid Style |journal=Journal of Communication Inquiry |date=1 February 2015 |volume=281 |issue=4 |pages=2015–1 |doi=10.1177/0196859915569385 |s2cid=145266067 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271907367}}</ref> Erdoan A. Shipoli, and [[Deepa Kumar]], the latter drawing a comparison between the "Islamophobia industry" and [[Cold War]] era [[McCarthyism]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Shipoli |first=Erdoan A. |title=Islam, Securitization, and US Foreign Policy |date=2018 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=9783319711119 |page=116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rE5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116}}</ref>

Some media outlets are working explicitly against Islamophobia. In 2008 [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]] ("FAIR") published a study "Smearcasting, How Islamophobes Spread Bigotry, Fear and Misinformation". The report cites several instances where mainstream or close to mainstream journalists, authors and academics have made analyses that essentialize negative traits as an inherent part of Muslims' moral makeup.<ref>{{cite web |last = Rendall |first = Steve |title = Making Islamophobia Mainstream: How Muslim-bashers broadcast their bigotry |date = 2008-11-01 |publisher = [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]] |url = https://fair.org/extra/making-islamophobia-mainstream/ |access-date = 2023-06-07}}</ref> FAIR also established the "[[Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism]]", designed to monitor coverage in the media and establish dialogue with media organizations. Following the [[September 11 attacks|attacks of 11 September 2001]], the [[Islamic Society of Britain]]'s "Islam Awareness Week" and the "Best of British Islam Festival" were introduced to improve community relations and raise awareness about Islam.<ref>Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic studies, p. 218</ref>

Silva and Meaux et al both theorized that one of the main causes of negative interactions, [[Stigmatization|stigma]], and [[Social exclusion|marginalization]] toward the Arabic community is due to the fact that many media framing from news outlets tend to associate [[Arab Muslims|Arab-Muslims]] with [[terrorism]] and [[Jihadism|jihadist]]-inspired motivations when it came to mass violence incidents.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Silva noted in their research looking through [[The New York Times|New York Times]] articles about gun violence and noted that over the sixteen-year period of 2000 until 2016 this media framing would only increase through the time period.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Jason R. |date=2021-09-13 |title=The news media's framing of mass shootings: gun access, mental illness, violent entertainment, and terrorism |journal=Actual Problems of Economics and Law |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.21202/1993-047x.15.2021.2.332-359 |s2cid=225520354 |issn=1993-047X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Silva compared his results to find out that Arabic [[Suspect|perpetrators]] were significantly more like to be framed as terrorists than their White counterparts. Meaux et al note back to research conducted by Park et al that indicated that the most salient association that Americans held on to was Arab-Muslims to terrorism with the notion that people that believed in this association the strongest were more likely to hold implicit bias.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Meaux |first1=Lauren T. |last2=Doran |first2=Stephanie C. |last3=Cox |first3=Jennifer M. |date=2020-11-26 |title=Aberration of mind or soul: the role of media in perceptions of mass violence |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JACPR-07-2020-0526/full/html |journal=Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=209–222 |doi=10.1108/JACPR-07-2020-0526 |s2cid=229434546 |issn=1759-6599}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Sung-Yeon |last2=Holody |first2=Kyle J. |last3=Zhang |first3=Xiaoqun |date=September 2012 |title=Race in Media Coverage of School Shootings: A Parallel Application of Framing Theory and Attribute Agenda Setting |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1077699012448873 |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |language=en |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=475–494 |doi=10.1177/1077699012448873 |s2cid=143792318 |issn=1077-6990}}</ref>