Editing Insulin (section)

== Diseases and syndromes ==
There are several conditions in which insulin disturbance is pathologic:
* [[Diabetes]] – general term referring to all states characterized by hyperglycemia. It can be of the following types:<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Macdonald IA | title = A review of recent evidence relating to sugars, insulin resistance and diabetes | journal = European Journal of Nutrition | volume = 55 | issue = Suppl 2 | pages = 17–23 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27882410 | pmc = 5174139 | doi = 10.1007/s00394-016-1340-8 }}</ref>
**[[Type 1 diabetes]] – autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency
** [[Type 2 diabetes]] – either inadequate insulin production by the β-cells or [[insulin resistance]] or both because of reasons not completely understood.
*** there is correlation with [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]], with sedentary lifestyle, with [[obesity]], with age and with [[metabolic syndrome]]. Causality has been demonstrated in multiple model organisms including mice and monkeys; importantly, non-obese people do get Type 2 diabetes due to diet, sedentary lifestyle and unknown risk factors, though this may not be a causal relationship.
*** it is likely that there is genetic susceptibility to develop Type 2 diabetes under certain environmental conditions
** Other types of impaired glucose tolerance (see [[Diabetes]])
* [[Insulinoma]] – a tumor of beta cells producing excess insulin or [[reactive hypoglycemia]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guettier JM, Gorden P | title = Insulin secretion and insulin-producing tumors | journal = Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–227 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20401170 | pmc = 2853964 | doi = 10.1586/eem.09.83 }}</ref>
* [[Metabolic syndrome]] – a poorly understood condition first called syndrome X by [[Gerald Reaven]]. It is not clear whether the syndrome has a single, treatable cause, or is the result of body changes leading to type 2 diabetes. It is characterized by elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia (disturbances in blood cholesterol forms and other blood lipids), and increased waist circumference (at least in populations in much of the developed world). The basic underlying cause may be the insulin resistance that precedes type 2 diabetes, which is a diminished capacity for [[#Physiological effects|insulin response]] in some tissues (e.g., muscle, fat). It is common for morbidities such as essential [[hypertension]], [[obesity]], type 2 diabetes, and [[cardiovascular disease]] (CVD) to develop.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Saklayen MG | title = The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome | journal = Current Hypertension Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 12 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29480368 | pmc = 5866840 | doi = 10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z }}</ref>
* [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]] – a complex syndrome in women in the reproductive years where [[anovulation]] and [[androgen]] excess are commonly displayed as [[hirsutism]]. In many cases of PCOS, insulin resistance is present.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = El Hayek S, Bitar L, Hamdar LH, Mirza FG, Daoud G | title = Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome: An Updated Overview | journal = Frontiers in Physiology | volume = 7 | pages = 124 | date = 5 April 2016 | pmid = 27092084 | pmc = 4820451 | doi = 10.3389/fphys.2016.00124 | doi-access = free }}</ref>