Editing Hybrid (biology) (section)

===Speciation===
[[File:Triticum durum.jpg|thumb|[[Durum]] wheat is [[tetraploid]], derived from [[wild emmer]] wheat, which is a hybrid of two diploid wild grasses, ''[[Triticum urartu]]'' and a wild goatgrass such as ''Aegilops searsii'' or ''[[Aegilops speltoides|Ae. speltoides]]''.<ref name="Gornicki">{{Cite journal |title=The chloroplast view of the evolution of polyploid wheat |last1=Gornicki |first1=Piotr |display-authors=etal |date=2014 |journal=New Phytologist |volume=204 |issue=3 |pages=704–714 |doi=10.1111/nph.12931|pmid=25059383|bibcode=2014NewPh.204..704G }}</ref>]]
{{Main|Hybrid speciation|Hybrid zone}}

A few animal species are the result of hybridization. The [[Lonicera fly]] is a natural hybrid. The American [[red wolf]] appears to be a hybrid of the [[gray wolf]] and the [[coyote]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Esch |first=Mary |title=Study: Eastern wolves are hybrids with coyotes |url= http://archive.boston.com/news/science/articles/2011/05/31/study_eastern_wolves_are_hybrids_with_coyotes/ |work=Boston.com |agency=Associated Press |date=31 May 2011 |access-date=22 March 2017 |archive-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170322095126/http://archive.boston.com/news/science/articles/2011/05/31/study_eastern_wolves_are_hybrids_with_coyotes/ |url-status=live}}</ref> although its taxonomic status has been a subject of controversy.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Conservation genomics in perspective: A holistic approach to understanding Canis evolution in North America |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=155 |date=2012 |pages=186–192 |url= http://people.trentu.ca/brentpatterson/index_files/Rutledge%20et%20al%202012%20-%20conservation%20genomics%20in%20perspective.pdf |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://people.trentu.ca/brentpatterson/index_files/Rutledge%20et%20al%202012%20-%20conservation%20genomics%20in%20perspective.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2012.05.017 |last1=Rutledge |first1=Linda Y. |bibcode=2012BCons.155..186R |display-authors=etal}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses |date=2012 |journal=North American Fauna |volume=77 |pages=1–67 |doi=10.3996/nafa.77.0001 |last1=Chambers |first1=Steven M. |display-authors=etal |url= https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700981/ |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dumbacher |first=J. |url= http://www.fws.gov/home/wolfrecovery/pdf/Final_Review_of_Proposed_rule_regarding_wolves2014.pdf |title=Review of Proposed Rule Regarding Status of the Wolf Under the Endangered Species Act |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140611123034/http://www.fws.gov/home/wolfrecovery/pdf/Final_Review_of_Proposed_rule_regarding_wolves2014.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2014 |work=FWS.gov |publisher=NCEAS |date=January 2014}}</ref> The European [[edible frog]] is a semi-permanent hybrid between [[pool frog]]s and [[marsh frog]]s; its population requires the continued presence of at least one of the parent species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frost |first1=Grant |display-authors=etal |title=The amphibian tree of life |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |issue=297 |date=15 March 2006 |volume=297 |pages=1–291 |doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=86140137 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cave paintings indicate that the [[European bison]] is a natural hybrid of the [[aurochs]] and the [[steppe bison]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soubrier |first1=Julien |display-authors=etal |date=18 October 2016 |title=Early cave art and ancient DNA record the origin of European bison |journal=Nature Communications |volume=7 |doi=10.1038/ncomms13158 |pages=13158 |pmid=27754477 |pmc=5071849|bibcode=2016NatCo...713158S}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-cave-art-helped-dig-new-animal-species-180960833/?no-ist |title=Cave Paintings Help Unravel the Mystery of the 'Higgs Bison' |last=Daley |first=Jason |newspaper=Smithsonian |access-date=20 October 2016 |archive-date=21 October 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161021130804/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-cave-art-helped-dig-new-animal-species-180960833/?no-ist |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Plant]] hybridization is more commonplace compared to animal hybridization. Many [[crop]] species are hybrids, including notably the polyploid [[wheat]]s: some have four sets of chromosomes (tetraploid) or six (hexaploid), while other wheat species have (like most [[eukaryotic]] organisms) two sets ([[diploid]]), so hybridization events likely involved the doubling of chromosome sets, causing immediate genetic isolation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hancock |first=James F. |date=2004 |title=Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species |publisher=CABI Publishing |isbn=9780851996851 |url= https://archive.org/details/plantevolutionor0000hanc}}</ref>

Hybridization may be important in speciation in some plant groups. However, homoploid hybrid speciation (not increasing the number of sets of chromosomes) may be rare: by 1997, only eight natural examples had been fully described. Experimental studies suggest that hybridization offers a rapid route to speciation, a prediction confirmed by the fact that early generation hybrids and ancient hybrid species have matching genomes, meaning that once hybridization has occurred, the new [[Eukaryote hybrid genome|hybrid genome]] can remain stable.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rieseberg |first=Loren H. |title=Hybrid Origins of Plant Species |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |date=1997 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=359–389 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.359 |bibcode=1997AnRES..28..359R |citeseerx=10.1.1.718.9871}}</ref>

Many [[hybrid zone]]s are known where the ranges of two species meet, and hybrids are continually produced in great numbers. These hybrid zones are useful as biological model systems for studying the mechanisms of speciation. Recently DNA analysis of a bear shot by a hunter in the [[Northwest Territories]] confirmed the existence of naturally occurring and fertile [[grizzly–polar bear hybrid]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hybrid bear shot dead in Canada |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4766217.stm |work=BBC News |date=13 May 2006 |access-date=10 June 2006 |archive-date=22 June 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060622014402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4766217.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>