Editing History of Romania (section)

== Independence and Kingdom of Romania ==
{{Main|Romanian War of Independence|Kingdom of Romania|United Principalities}}
[[File:RomaniaBorderHistoryAnnimation 1859-2010.gif|thumb|right|Timeline of the borders of Romania between 1859 and 2010]]
In an 1866 ''coup d'état'', [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza|Cuza]] was exiled and replaced with Prince Karl of [[Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]]. He was appointed [[Domnitor]], Ruling Prince of the United Principality of Romania, as [[Charles I of Romania|Prince Carol of Romania]]. Romania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire after the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]], in which the Ottomans fought against the Russian empire.<ref>{{Citation|title =San Stefano Preliminary Treaty|year =1878|url =http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/FOREIGN/stefano.htm|language=ru}}</ref>
In the 1878 [[Treaty of Berlin, 1878|Treaty of Berlin]],<ref>{{Citation|title =Modern History Sourcebook: The Treaty of Berlin, 1878 – Excerpts on the Balkans|date =13 July 1878|place =Berlin|url =http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.html|access-date =30 August 2008|archive-date =8 June 2008|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080608120300/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.html|url-status =dead}}</ref> Romania was officially recognized as an independent state by the [[Great Powers]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Patterson |first=Michelle |title=The Road to Romanian Independence |journal=Canadian Journal of History |date=August 1996 |doi=10.3138/cjh.31.2.329 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199608/ai_n8755098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324063246/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199608/ai_n8755098 |archive-date=March 24, 2008 }}</ref> In return, Romania ceded the district [[Bessarabia]] to Russia in exchange for access to the Black Sea ports and acquired [[Dobruja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1878berlin.asp |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu}}</ref> In 1881, Romania's [[principality]] status was raised to that of a [[monarchy|kingdom]] and on 26 March that year, Prince Carol became King [[Carol I]] of Romania.<ref>{{Cite web|title=kingdom of romania|url=http://kcdogs.com/idulyxrv/|access-date=2021-07-21|website=kcdogs.com|language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

The period between 1878 and 1914 was one of stability and progress for Romania. During the [[Second Balkan War]], Romania joined Greece, [[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]] against Bulgaria.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} In the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1913)|Treaty of Bucharest of 1913]], Romania gained [[Southern Dobruja]] and established the [[Durostor County|Durostor]] and [[Caliacra County|Caliacra]] counties.<ref>{{Citation|last1 =Anderson|first1 =Frank Maloy|last2 =Hershey|first2 =Amos Shartle|title =Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870–1914|publisher =Government Printing Office|year =1918|location =Washington D.C.}}</ref>

The governments of Britain and the [[United States]] repeatedly protested the brutal treatment of Romanian Jews, who were regarded as [[Alien (law)|aliens]] who had no civil or political rights. Romania engaged in arbitrary expulsions of Jews as vagabonds and tolerated violent [[pogrom]]s against Jews, many of whom fled to the United States.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Aberbach|title=The European Jews, Patriotism and the Liberal State 1789–1939: A Study of Literature and Social Psychology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3kXQEUJy_YC&pg=PA107|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|pages=107–9|isbn=978-1-136-15895-7}}</ref><ref>Satu Matikainen, ''Great Britain, British Jews and the international protection of Romanian Jews, 1900–1914: a study of Jewish diplomacy and minority rights'' (University of Jyväskylä, 2006).</ref>