Editing History of Germany (section)

=== Salian dynasty ===
Henry II was succeeded by [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]], a great-great-grandson of Otto I and the first emperor of the [[Salian dynasty]]. During the reign of Conrad II's son, [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry III]] (1039 to 1056), the empire supported the [[Cluniac reforms]] of the Church, the [[Peace and Truce of God|Peace of God]], prohibition of [[simony]] (the purchase of clerical offices), and required [[celibacy]] of priests. Imperial authority over the Pope reached its peak. However, Rome reacted with the creation of the [[College of Cardinals]] and [[Pope Gregory VII]]'s [[Gregorian Reform|series of clerical reforms]]. Pope Gregory insisted in his ''[[Dictatus Papae]]'' on absolute papal authority over appointments to ecclesiastical offices. The subsequent conflict in which emperor [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] was compelled to submit to the Pope at [[Canossa]] in 1077, after having been excommunicated came to be known as the [[Investiture Controversy]]. In 1122, a temporary reconciliation was reached between [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry V]] and the Pope with the [[Concordat of Worms]]. With the conclusion of the dispute the Roman church and the papacy regained supreme control over all religious affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dirscherl |first=Simon |date=23 May 2005 |title=The clerical reform movement and the investiture controversy |url=https://www.phil.uni-passau.de/fileadmin/dokumente/lehrstuehle/frenz/online-tutorien/stadtgeschichte/english/investiturstreit.html |access-date=6 March 2019 |publisher=University Passau |archive-date=7 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054312/https://www.phil.uni-passau.de/fileadmin/dokumente/lehrstuehle/frenz/online-tutorien/stadtgeschichte/english/investiturstreit.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Uta-Renate Blumenthal |title=The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |date=1988 |isbn=978-0-8122-1386-7 |jstor=j.ctt3fht77}}</ref> Consequently, the imperial Ottonian church system (''Reichskirche'') declined. It also ended the royal/imperial tradition of appointing selected powerful clerical leaders to counter the Imperial secular princes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the significance of the "Investiture Controversy?" |url=https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-significance-investiture-controversy-why-this-336636 |access-date=2 March 2019 |publisher=E Notes}}</ref>

Between 1095 and 1291 the various campaigns of the [[crusade]]s to the Holy Land took place. Knightly religious orders were established, including the [[Knights Templar]], the Knights of St John ([[Knights Hospitaller]]), and the [[Teutonic Knights|Teutonic Order]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?id=History.CrusOne |title=A History of the Crusades |publisher=University of Wisconsin |date=1969 |editor-last=Baldwin |editor-first=Marshall W. |volume=I: The first hundred years |location=Madison |access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Crawford |first=Paul |title=The Military OrdersL Intrioduction |url=http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/monastic/milintro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006035349/http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/monastic/milintro.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=2 March 2019 |publisher=ORB Encyclopedia}}</ref>

The term ''sacrum imperium'' (Holy Empire) was first used officially by [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Friedrich I]] in 1157,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Official Name of the Holy Roman Empire |url=http://www.holyromanempireassociation.com/official-name-of-the-holy-roman-empire.html |access-date=2 March 2019 |publisher=Holy Roman Empire Association}}</ref> but the words ''Sacrum Romanum Imperium'', Holy Roman Empire, were only combined in July 1180 and would never consistently appear on official documents from 1254 onwards.{{Sfn|Wilson|2016|p=19}}