Editing History of Bermuda (section)

== 19th century ==
===Naval and military base===
[[File:Devonshire_Redoubt_(Bermuda).png|left|thumb|An illustration of the Devonshire Redoubt, Bermuda, 1614.]]
[[File:The_Harbor_at_St._George,_Bermuda_from_Sugar_Loaf_Hill.jpg|right|thumb|The harbour at St. George in 1854]]
[[File:The_Commissioner's_House.jpg|thumb|The Commissioner's House, 1857]]
[[File:St. George's Harbour circa 1864.jpg|thumb|right|A Confederate [[blockade runner]] at anchor at [[St. George's Harbour, Bermuda|St. George's]], {{circa|1864}}]]
[[File:AmCyc_Bermudas.jpg|thumb|View in the Bermudas, with Hamilton in the distance, 1879]]

{{main article|Military of Bermuda}}

Following the [[American Revolution]] and the loss of Britain's ports in its former continental colonies, Bermuda was also used as a stopover point between Canada and Britain's Caribbean possessions, and assumed a new strategic prominence for the Royal Navy. [[Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]], a centrally located port founded in 1790, became the seat of government in 1815. This was partly resultant from the Royal Navy having invested twelve years, following American independence, in charting Bermuda's reefs. It did this in order to locate the deepwater channel by which shipping might reach the islands in, and at the West of, the Great Sound, which it had begun acquiring with a view to building a [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|naval base]]. However, that channel also gave access to Hamilton Harbour.

In 1811, the [[Royal Navy]] started building the [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|large dockyard]] on [[Ireland Island, Bermuda|Ireland Island]], in the west of the chain, to serve as its principal naval base guarding the western Atlantic Ocean shipping lanes. To guard it, the [[British Army]] built up a large [[Bermuda Garrison]], and heavily fortified the archipelago.

During the [[War of 1812]] between Britain and the United States, the British attacks on [[Burning of Washington|Washington, D.C. and the Chesapeake]] were planned and launched from Bermuda, where the headquarters of the Royal Navy's North American Station had recently been moved from [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax, Nova Scotia]].

In 1816, James Arnold, the son of [[Benedict Arnold]], fortified Bermuda's Royal Naval Dockyard against possible US attacks.<ref>Howes, James: [http://www.atlascom.us/keys.htm "Attack on Baltimore Launched from Bermuda in 'War of 1812'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315162318/http://www.atlascom.us/keys.htm |date=15 March 2008 }} 2005</ref> Today, the [[National Museum of Bermuda]], which incorporates Bermuda's Maritime Museum, occupies the [[Keep]] of the Royal Naval Dockyard, including the Commissioner's House, and exhibits artifacts of the base's military history.

In the 1860s, the major build-up of naval and military infrastructure brought vital money into Bermuda at a time when its traditional maritime industries were giving way under the assault of steel hulls and steam propulsion. The American Civil War, also, briefly, provided a shot-in-the-arm to the local economy.

As a result of Bermuda's proximity to the southeastern US coast, during the [[American Civil War]] [[Confederate States]] [[Blockade runners of the American Civil War|blockade runners]] frequently used it as a stopping point base for runs to and from the Southern states or England to evade Union naval vessels on blockade patrol, delivering much needed war goods from England and for transporting much needed cotton back to England. The old Globe Hotel in St George's, which was a centre of intrigue for Confederate agents, is preserved as a public museum.

[[File:HM_Dockyard_on_Ireland_in_Bermuda_ca_1860_by_Andrew_Chisholm_Jack.jpg|thumb| An engraving of the HM Dockyard on [[Ireland Island, Bermuda]], {{circa|1860}}, by Thomas Chisholm Jack]]

With the buildup of the Royal Naval establishment in the first decades of the 19th century, a large number of military fortifications and batteries were constructed, and the numbers of regular infantry, artillery, and support units that composed the [[British Army]] garrison were steadily increased. The investment into military infrastructure by the War Office proved unsustainable, and poorly thought out, with far too few artillery men available to man the hundreds of guns emplaced. Many of the forts were abandoned, or removed from use, soon after construction. Following the [[Crimean War]], the trend was towards reducing military garrisons in colonies like Bermuda, partly for economic reasons, and partly as it became recognised that the Royal Navy's own ships could provide a better defence for the Dockyard, and Bermuda. Still, the important strategic location of Bermuda meant that the withdrawal, which began, at least in intent, in the 1870s, was carried out very slowly over several decades, continuing until after [[World War I]]. The last Regular Army units were not withdrawn until the Dockyard itself closed in the 1950s.

Tourism and agricultural industries would develop in the latter half of the 19th century. However, it was defence infrastructure that formed the central platform of the economy into the 20th century.

=== Anglo-Boer War ===

During the [[Anglo-Boer War]] (1899–1902), Bermuda received and housed a total of 5,000 Boer [[prisoners of war]] (POWs) on five of its islands. They were placed related to their views and authorities' assessment of risk. "Bitterenders" ({{langx|af|[[Bittereinder]]s}}), men who refused to pledge allegiance to the British Crown, were interned on Darrell's Island and closely guarded. Other islands were allowed to be nearly self-governing: Morgan's Island held 884 men, including 27 officers; Tucker's Island held 809 Boer prisoners, Burt's Island had 607, and Port's Island held 35.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angloboerwar.com/other-information/89-prisoner-of-war-camps/1838-camp-for-boers-bermuda|title=Camps for Boers – Bermuda|publisher=Angloboerwar.com|access-date=26 December 2012}}</ref>

In June 1901, ''The New York Times'' reported an attempted mutiny by 900 Boer prisoners of war en route to Bermuda on ''Armenian'', noting it was suppressed. It described the preparation of the camps for the men and said that martial law would hold on Darrell's Island.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20615FB355F1B738DDDA90B94DE405B818CF1D3 |title=THE PRISONERS AT BERMUDA. – Boers Attempted to Mutiny in the Course of the Voyage – Martial Law on Darrell's Island |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 June 1901|access-date=26 December 2012}}</ref> Several escapes happened soon after their arrival. A young Boer soldier escaped from Darrell's Island soon after arrival, reached the main docks, and stowed away on the steamship ''Trinidad'', arriving in New York on 9 July. He hoped to be allowed to stay in the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70C10F63B5414728DDDA90994DF405B818CF1D3|title=ADVENTURES OF AN ESCAPED BOER PRISONER – Arrived Here as a Stowaway on the Steamship Trinidad. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 July 1901|access-date=26 December 2012}}</ref> Three prisoners of war escaped on 10 July from Darrell's Island to mainland Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F12F63A5D1A728DDDA80994DF405B818CF1D3|title=BOER PRISONERS ESCAPE. – Three Swim Away from Darrell's Island to the Mainland. – |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=11 July 1901|access-date=26 December 2012}}</ref>

The most famous escapee was the Boer prisoner of war Captain [[Fritz Joubert Duquesne]] who was serving a life sentence for "conspiracy against the British government and on (the charge of) espionage.".{{sfn|Ronnie|1995|p=37}} On the night of 25 June 1902, Duquesne slipped out of his tent, worked his way over a barbed wire fence, swam {{convert|1.5|mi|km}} past patrol boats and bright spot lights, through storm-wracked, using the distant [[Gibbs Hill Lighthouse]] for navigation until he arrived ashore on the main island.{{sfn|Ronnie|1995|pp=54,63}} From there he escaped to the port of [[St. George's, Bermuda|St. George's]] and a week later, he stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland.{{sfn|Ronnie|1995|pp=65–66}} He settled in the US and later became a spy for Germany in both World Wars. He claimed to be responsible for the 1916 death of [[Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] in the sinking of {{HMS|Hampshire|1903|6}}, the head of the British Army who had also commanded British forces in South Africa during the second Boer War, but this had resulted from a mine. In 1942, Colonel Duquesne was arrested by the [[FBI]] for leading the [[Duquesne Spy Ring]], which still to this day the largest espionage case in the history of the United States.{{sfn|Duffy|2014|p=2}}

Lord Kitchener's brother, Lieutenant General Sir [[Frederick Walter Kitchener|Walter Kitchener]], had been the [[Governor of Bermuda]] from 1908 until his death in 1912. His son, Major Hal Kitchener, bought [[Hinson's Island, Bermuda|Hinson's Island]] (with his partner, Major Hemming, another First World War aviator). The island had formerly been part of the Boer POW camp, housing teenaged prisoners from 1901 to 1902.