Editing Heraclitus (section)

=== Cosmology ===
While considered an ancient [[Cosmology|cosmologist]],<ref>Wiggins D. "Heraclitus' conceptions of flux, fire and material persistence." In: Schofield M, Nussbaum MC, eds. ''Language and Logos: Studies in Ancient Greek Philosophy Presented to G. E. L. Owen''. Cambridge University Press; 1982:1–32.</ref> Heraclitus did not seem as interested in [[astronomy]], [[meteorology]], or [[mathematics]] as his predecessors.{{sfn|Stokes|1961|p=479}} It is surmised Heraclitus believed that the [[Flat Earth|earth was flat]] and extended infinitely in all directions.{{sfn|Patrick|1889|page=32}}

Heraclitus held all things occur according to [[fate]].{{sfn|Kahn|1979|page=157}}{{efn|name=aetA8}} He said "Time (''[[Aion (deity)|Aion]]'') is a child playing [[Checkers|draughts]], the kingly power is a child's."{{efn|name=Hippolyt52}} It is disputed whether this means time and life is determined by [[Norm (philosophy)|rules]] like a [[game]], by conflict like a game, or by arbitrary whims of the gods like a child plays.<ref>Nagel, M. (2002). Masking the Abject: A Genealogy of Play. United Kingdom: Lexington Books. p. 18</ref>

==== Sun ====
Similar to his views on rivers, Heraclitus believed "the [[Sun]] is new each day."{{sfn|BardonDyke2015|p=26}}{{efn|{{harvnb|B6}}}} He also said the Sun never [[Sunset|sets]].<ref>Oudemans, Th C. W. (1992). De nooit ondergaande zon (Summary: The Never Setting Sun), p. 456. Tijdschrift Voor Filosofie 54 (3):424.</ref>{{efn|{{harvnb|B16}}}}  According to [[Bertrand Russell]], this was "obviously inspired by scientific reflection, and no doubt seemed to him to obviate the difficulty of understanding how the sun can work its way underground from west to east during the night".<ref name=mystic/> The physician [[Galen]] explains: "Heraclitus says that the sun is a burning mass, kindled at its rising, and quenched at its setting."<ref name="ancast">Lewis, G. C. (1862). An Historical Survey of the Astronomy of the Ancients. Kiribati: Parker, Son, and Bourn. p. 96-97</ref><ref>Galen, Historia philosopha 62</ref><ref>Fairbanks, A. (1898). The First Philosophers of Greece; an Edition and Translation of the Remaining Fragments of the Pre-Sokratic Philosophers, Together with a Translation of the More Important Accounts of Their Opinions Contained in the Early Epitomes of Their Works. United Kingdom: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company, Limited. p. 61</ref>
[[File:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3710, col. ii 43-47 - fragment Heraclitus.jpg|thumb|upright=1.30|Heraclitus (named outlined in red) in a fragment of Oxyrhynchus Papyri discusses the Moon.]]
Heraclitus also believed that the Sun is as large as it looks,{{sfn|Patrick|1889|page=32}}{{Notetag|Literally, the width of a man's foot.{{efn|name=B3foot|{{harvnb|B3}}}}}} and said Hesiod "did not know [[night]] and [[day]], for they are one."{{efn|{{harvnb|Hippolytus|loc=B57}}}}  However, he also explained the phenomenon of day and night by if the Sun "oversteps his measures", then "[[Erinyes]], the ministers of Justice, will find him out".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KaWGEAAAQBAJ Studies on the Derveni Papyrus] pp. 176–178</ref>{{efn|name=exile94|{{harvnb|B94}}}} Heraclitus further wrote the Sun is in charge of [[Season|the seasons]].{{efn|{{harvnb|B100}}}}

==== Moon ====
On one account, Heraclitus believed the Sun and [[Moon]] were [[bowl]]s containing fire, with [[lunar phase]]s explained by the turning of the bowl.{{sfn|Stokes|1961|p=479}}<ref name="ancast" />{{efn|{{harvnb|Aëtius|loc=A12}}}} His study of the moon near the end of the month is contained in one of the [[Oxyrhynchus Papyri]], a group of [[manuscript]]s found in an ancient [[landfill]].<ref>Oxyrhynchus Papyri LIII 3710 ii. 43–47 and iii. 7–11</ref> This is the best evidence of Heraclitean astronomy.{{sfn|Graham|2019|loc=§4, 8}}