Editing Hedonism (section)

=== Medieval ===
Hedonist philosophy received less attention in [[medieval philosophy]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gosling|1998|loc=§ 1. History and Varieties of Hedonism}}</ref> The early Christian philosopher [[Augustine of Hippo]] (354–430 CE),<ref>{{harvnb|Dehsen|2013|p=16}}</ref> was critical of the hedonism found in ancient Greek philosophy, warning of the dangers of earthly pleasures as obstacles to a spiritual life dedicated to God.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Rist|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7YeKchlhn7MC&pg=PA158 158]}} | {{harvnb|Alexander|Shelton|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9YTXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 143]}} }}</ref> [[Thomas Aquinas]] (1225–1274 CE) developed a nuanced perspective on hedonism, characterized by some interpreters as spiritual hedonism. He held that humans are naturally inclined to seek happiness, arguing that the only way to truly satisfy this inclination is through a [[beatific vision]] of God.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Dewan|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9RwKiqay4h4C&pg=PA101 101–103]}} | {{harvnb|Wieland|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PtLyH02x60MC&pg=PA59 59]}} | {{harvnb|Zagzebski|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GbcuCf9TlDgC&pg=PA350 350]}} }}</ref> In [[Islamic philosophy]], the problem of pleasure played a central role in the philosophy of [[Abu Bakr al-Razi|al-Razi]] ({{circa|864—925 or 932 CE}}). Similar to Epicureanism, he recommended a life of moderation avoiding the extremes of excess and [[asceticism]].<ref name="auto5">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Goodman|2020|pp=387–389}} | {{harvnb|Adamson|2021|loc=§ 3. Ethics}} | {{harvnb|Adamson|2021a|pp=5–6, 177–178}} }}</ref>{{efn|It is controversial whether al-Razi's position is a form of hedonism.<ref name="auto5"/>}} Both [[al-Farabi]] ({{circa|878–950 CE}})<ref>{{harvnb|Dehsen|2013|p=63}}</ref> and [[Avicenna]] (980–1037 CE)<ref>{{harvnb|Dehsen|2013|p=19}}</ref> asserted that a form of intellectual happiness, reachable only in the afterlife, is the highest human good.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Germann|2021|loc=§ 2.1 Happiness and the afterlife}} | {{harvnb|McGinnis|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=M28EjkCdFecC&pg=PA209 209–210]}} }}</ref>