Editing Health system (section)

==International comparisons==
{{See also|List of countries by quality of health care|List of countries by health expenditure covered by government|Health care systems by country|Health care prices in the United States|Healthcare in Europe}}
[[File:Health systems comparison OECD 2008.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Chart comparing 2008 health care spending (left) vs. life expectancy (right) in OECD countries]]

Health systems can vary substantially from country to country, and in the last few years, comparisons have been made on an international basis. The [[World Health Organization]], in its ''[[World Health Report|World Health Report 2000]]'', provided a [[World Health Organization ranking of health systems in 2000|ranking of health systems]] around the world according to criteria of the overall level and distribution of [[health]] in the populations, and the responsiveness and fair financing of health care services.<ref name="WHO2000"/> The goals for health systems, according to the WHO's ''World Health Report 2000 – Health systems: improving performance'' (WHO, 2000),<ref>World Health Organization. (2000) [https://web.archive.org/web/20040915212359/http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/ ''World Health Report 2000 – Health systems: improving performance'']. Geneva, WHO Press.</ref> are good health, responsiveness to the expectations of the population, and fair financial contribution. There have been several debates around the results of this WHO exercise,<ref>World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/health-systems-performance/docs/overallframework_docs.htm ''Health Systems Performance: Overall Framework.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617053343/http://www.who.int/health-systems-performance/docs/overallframework_docs.htm |date=17 June 2012 }} Accessed 15 March 2011.</ref> and especially based on the country [[ranking]] linked to it,<ref>{{cite journal | author = Navarro V | year = 2000 | title = Assessment of the World Health Report 2000 | journal = Lancet | volume = 356 | issue = 9241| pages = 1598–601 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03139-1| pmid = 11075789 | s2cid = 18001992 | doi-access = free }}</ref> insofar as it appeared to depend mostly on the choice of the retained [[performance indicator|indicators]].

Direct comparisons of health statistics across nations are complex. The [[Commonwealth Fund]], in its annual survey, "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall", compares the performance of the health systems in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada and the United States. Its 2007 study found that, although the United States system is the most expensive, it consistently underperforms compared to the other countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Content/Publications/Fund-Reports/2007/May/Mirror--Mirror-on-the-Wall--An-International-Update-on-the-Comparative-Performance-of-American-Healt.aspx|title=Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: An International Update on the Comparative Performance of American Health Care|publisher=The Commonwealth Fund|date=15 May 2007|access-date=7 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329063255/http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Content/Publications/Fund-Reports/2007/May/Mirror--Mirror-on-the-Wall--An-International-Update-on-the-Comparative-Performance-of-American-Healt.aspx|archive-date=29 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> A major difference between the United States and the other countries in the study is that the United States is the only country without [[universal health care]]. The [[OECD]] also collects comparative statistics, and has published brief country profiles.<ref>{{cite web| author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development| title=OECD Health Data 2008: How Does Canada Compare| url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/46/33/38979719.pdf| access-date=9 January 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531222830/http://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/BriefingNoteCANADA2012.pdf| archive-date=31 May 2013| df=dmy-all| author-link=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}</ref><ref name="oecdstats">{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/document/46/0,3343,en_2649_34631_34971438_1_1_1_1,00.html |title=Updated statistics from a 2009 report |publisher=Oecd.org |access-date=6 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305122330/http://www.oecd.org/document/46/0,3343,en_2649_34631_34971438_1_1_1_1,00.html |archive-date=5 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="datasource">{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/document/16/0,3343,en_2649_34631_2085200_1_1_1_1,00.html |title=OECD Health Data 2009 – Frequently Requested Data |publisher=Oecd.org |access-date=6 August 2011 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123653/http://www.oecd.org/document/16/0,3343,en_2649_34631_2085200_1_1_1_1,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Health Consumer Powerhouse]] makes comparisons between both national health care systems in the [[Euro Health Consumer Index|Euro health consumer index]] and specific areas of health care such as diabetes<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.healthpowerhouse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=46&Itemid=66 | title= The Euro Consumer Diabetes Index 2008 | publisher= Health Consumer Powerhouse | access-date= 29 April 2013 | archive-date= 22 April 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160422083455/http://www.healthpowerhouse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=46&Itemid=66 | url-status= live }}</ref> or hepatitis.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.healthpowerhouse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=58&Itemid=78 | title= Euro Hepatitis Care Index 2012 | publisher= Health Consumer Powerhouse | access-date= 29 April 2013 | archive-date= 12 April 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160412190301/http://www.healthpowerhouse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=58&Itemid=78 | url-status= live }}</ref>

[[Ipsos MORI]] produces an annual study of public perceptions of healthcare services across 30 countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mental health replaces Covid as the top health concern among Americans |url=https://www.itij.com/latest/news/mental-health-replaces-covid-top-health-concern-among-americans |access-date=14 October 2022 |publisher=ITIJ |date=5 October 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014081220/https://www.itij.com/latest/news/mental-health-replaces-covid-top-health-concern-among-americans |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Country
!<small>[[Life expectancy]]</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN|title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|language=en-us|access-date=2018-08-03|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202140034/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN|url-status=live}}</ref>
!<small>[[Infant mortality]] rate</small><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003123/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2091.html CIA – The World Factbook: Infant Mortality Rate]. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 (Older data). Retrieved 15 May 2013.</ref>
!<small>Preventable deaths per 100,000 people in 2007</small><ref name=comamenable>"Mortality amenable to health care" {{cite journal|last=Nolte|first=Ellen|title=Variations in Amenable Mortality—Trends in 16 High-Income Nations| journal=Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands) | year=2011 | volume=103 | issue=1 | pages=47–52 |url=http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Publications/In-the-Literature/2011/Sep/Variations-in-Amenable-Mortality.aspx|publisher=Commonwealth Fund| doi=10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.08.002 | pmid=21917350 |access-date=10 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205105617/http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Publications/In-the-Literature/2011/Sep/Variations-in-Amenable-Mortality.aspx|archive-date=5 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!<small>[[Physician]]s per 1000 people</small>
!<small>[[Nurses]] per 1000 people</small>
!<small>[[List of countries by total health expenditure per capita|Per capita expenditure on health]] (USD PPP)</small>
!<small>Healthcare costs as a percent of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]</small>
!<small>% of government revenue spent on health</small>
!<small>% of health costs paid by government</small>
|-
|[[Health care in Australia|Australia]]
|83.0
|4.49
|57
|2.8
|10.1
|3,353
|8.5
|17.7
|67.5
|-
|[[Healthcare in Canada|Canada]]
|82.0
|4.78
|77<ref name=canadacwa>data for 2003<br />{{cite journal|last=Nolte|first=Ellen|title=Measuring the Health of Nations: Updating an Earlier Analysis|journal=Health Affairs|year=2008|volume=27|issue=1|pages=58–71|url=http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Publications/In-the-Literature/2008/Jan/Measuring-the-Health-of-Nations--Updating-an-Earlier-Analysis.aspx|publisher=Commonwealth Fund|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.27.1.58|pmid=18180480|access-date=8 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111063137/http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Publications/In-the-Literature/2008/Jan/Measuring-the-Health-of-Nations--Updating-an-Earlier-Analysis.aspx|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|2.2
|9.0
|3,844
|10.0
|16.7
|70.2
|-
|[[Healthcare in Finland|Finland]]
|79.5
|2.6
|
|2.7
|15.5
|3,008
|8.4
|
|
|-
|[[Health care in France|France]]
|82.0
|3.34
|55
|3.3
|7.7
|3,679
|11.6
|14.2
|78.3
|-
|[[Healthcare in Germany|Germany]]
|81.0
|3.48
|76
|3.5
|10.5
|3,724
|10.4
|17.6
|76.4
|-
|[[Healthcare in Italy|Italy]]
|83.0
|3.33
|60
|4.2
|6.1
|2,771
|8.7
|14.1
|76.6
|-
|[[Health care system in Japan|Japan]]
|84.0
|2.17
|61
|2.1
|9.4
|2,750
|8.2
|16.8
|80.4
|-
|[[Healthcare in Norway|Norway]]
|83.0
|3.47
|64
|3.8
|16.2
|4,885
|8.9
|17.9
|84.1
|-
|[[Health care in Spain|Spain]]
|83.0
|3.30
|74
|3.8
|5.3
|3,248
|8.9
|15.1
|73.6
|-
|[[Healthcare in Sweden|Sweden]]
|82.0
|2.73
|61
|3.6
|10.8
|3,432
|8.9
|13.6
|81.4
|-
|[[Healthcare in the United Kingdom|UK]]
|81.6
|4.5
|83
|2.5
|9.5
|3,051
|8.4
|15.8
|81.3
|-
|[[Healthcare in the United States|US]]
|78.74
|5.9
|96
|2.4
|10.6
|7,437
|16.0
|18.5
|45.1
|}

Physicians and hospital beds per 1000 inhabitants vs Health Care Spending in 2008 for OECD Countries. The data source is [http://www.oecd.org OECD.org - OECD].<ref name="oecdstats" /><ref name="datasource" /> Since 2008, the US experienced big deviations from 16% GDP. In 2010, the year the [[Affordable Care Act]] was enacted, health care spending accounted for approximately 17.2% of the U.S. GDP. By 2019, before the pandemic, it had risen to 17.7%. During the COVID-19 pandemic, this percentage jumped to 18.8% in 2020, largely due to increased health care costs and economic contraction. Post-pandemic, health care spending relative to GDP declined to 16.6% by 2022.<ref>[https://www.cms.gov/research-statistics-data-and-systems/statistics-trends-and-reports/nationalhealthexpenddata Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), National Health Expenditure Data]</ref><ref>[https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/health-spending-u-s-compare-countries/#item-relative-size-economy-u-s-spends-greater-amount-health-care-high-income-nations Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker, U.S. Health Spending Overview]</ref>

[[File:Health spending vs physicians oecd 2008.png|upright=1.8|alt=Physicians per 1000 vs Health Care Spending|Physicians per 1000 vs Health Care Spending in 2008 for OECD Countries. The data source is http://www.oecd.org]]
[[File:Health spending vs beds oecd 2008.png|upright=1.8|alt=Hospital beds per 1000 vs Health Care Spending|Hospital beds per 1000 vs Health Care Spending in 2008 for OECD Countries. The data source is http://www.oecd.org]]