Editing Hawaiian language (section)

==Orthography ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Hawaii]] -->
{{main|Hawaiian alphabet}}
Hawaiians had no written language prior to Western contact, except for [[petroglyph]] symbols.
The modern Hawaiian alphabet, ''ka pī{{okina}}āpā Hawai{{okina}}i'', is based on the [[Latin script]]. Hawaiian words end ''only''<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wight|2005|pp=x}}</ref> in vowels, and every consonant must be followed by a vowel. The Hawaiian alphabetical order has all of the vowels before the consonants,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schütz|1994|pp=217, 223}}</ref> as in the following chart.
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Aa || Ee || Ii || Oo || Uu || Hh || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Pp || Ww || {{big|[[ʻOkina|{{okina}}]]}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| {{IPA|/a/}} || {{IPA|/e/}} || {{IPA|/i/}} || {{IPA|/o/}} || {{IPA|/u/}} || {{IPA|/h/}} || {{IPA|/k~t/}} || {{IPA|/l/}} || {{IPA|/m/}} || {{IPA|/n/}} || {{IPA|/p/}} || {{IPA|/v~w/}} || {{IPAslink|ʔ}}
|}

===Origin===
This writing system was developed by American Protestant missionaries during 1820–1826.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schütz|1994|pp=98–133}}</ref> It was the first thing they ever printed in Hawaii, on January 7, 1822, and it originally included the consonants ''B, D, R, T,'' and ''V,'' in addition to the current ones (''H, K, L, M, N, P, W''), and it had ''F, G, S, Y'' and ''Z'' for "spelling foreign words". The initial printing also showed the five vowel letters (''A, E, I, O, U'') and seven of the short diphthongs (''AE, AI, AO, AU, EI, EU, OU'').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schütz|1994|pp=110}} Plate 7.1</ref>

In 1826, the developers voted to eliminate some of the letters which represented functionally redundant [[allophone]]s (called "interchangeable letters"), enabling the Hawaiian alphabet to approach the ideal state of one-symbol-one-[[phoneme]], and thereby optimizing the ease with which people could teach and learn the reading and writing of Hawaiian.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schütz|1994|pp=122–126; 173–174}}</ref> For example, instead of spelling one and the same word as ''pule, bule, pure,'' and ''bure'' (because of interchangeable ''p/b'' and ''l/r''), the word is spelled only as ''pule''.
* Interchangeable B/P. ''B'' was dropped, ''P'' was kept.
* Interchangeable L/R. ''R'' and ''D'' were dropped, ''L'' was kept.
* Interchangeable K/T. ''T'' was dropped, ''K'' was kept.
* Interchangeable V/W. ''V'' was dropped, ''W'' was kept.

However, hundreds of words were very rapidly borrowed into Hawaiian from English, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and Syriac.<ref name="Lyovin 1997 259">{{Harvcoltxt|Lyovin|1997|pp=259}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schütz|1994|pp=223}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Elbert|Pukui|1979|pp=27, 31–32}}</ref> Although these loan words were necessarily [[Hawaiianize]]d, they often retained some of their "non-Hawaiian letters" in their published forms. For example, ''Brazil'' fully [[Hawaiianize]]d is ''Palakila'', but retaining "foreign letters" it is ''Barazila''.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Pukui|Elbert|1986|pp=406}}</ref> Another example is ''Gibraltar'', written as ''Kipalaleka'' or ''Gibaraleta''.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Pukui|Elbert|1986|pp=450}}</ref> While {{IPA|[z]}} and {{IPA|[ɡ]}} are not regarded as Hawaiian sounds, {{IPA|[b]}}, {{IPA|[ɹ]}}, and {{IPA|[t]}} were represented in the original alphabet, so the letters (''b'', ''r'', and ''t'') for the latter are not truly "non-Hawaiian" or "foreign", even though their post-1826 use in published matter generally marked words of foreign origin.

===Glottal stop===
{{Main|ʻOkina|l1=ʻokina}}
''ʻOkina'' (''{{okina}}oki'' 'cut' + ''-na'' '-ing') is the modern [[Hawaiian name]] for the symbol (a letter) that represents the [[glottal stop]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Pukui|Elbert|1986|pp=257, 281, 451}}</ref> It was formerly known as ''ʻuʻina'' ("snap").<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schütz|1994|pp=146}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Elbert|Pukui|1979|pp=11}}</ref>

For examples of the ʻokina, consider the Hawaiian words ''Hawaiʻi'' and ''Oʻahu'' (often simply ''Hawaii'' and ''Oahu'' in English orthography). In Hawaiian, these words are pronounced {{IPA|[hʌˈʋʌi.ʔi]}} and {{IPA|[oˈʔʌ.hu]}}, and are written with an ʻokina where the glottal stop is pronounced.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Pukui|Elbert|1986|pp=62, 275}}</ref><ref>In English, the glottal stop is usually either omitted, or is replaced by a non-phonemic glide, resulting in {{IPA|[hʌˈwai.i]}} or {{IPA|[hʌˈwai.ji]}}, and {{IPA|[oˈa.hu]}} or {{IPA|[oˈwa.hu]}}. Note that the latter two are essentially identical in sound.</ref>

Elbert & Pukui's ''Hawaiian Grammar'' says "The glottal stop, <code>‘</code>, is made by closing the glottis or space between the vocal cords, the result being something like the hiatus in English ''oh-oh''."<ref name=":0">{{Harvcoltxt|Elbert|Pukui|1979|pp=10, 14, 58}}</ref>

====History====
As early as 1823, the missionaries made some limited use of the apostrophe to represent the glottal stop,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schütz|1994|p=143}}</ref> but they did not make it a letter of the alphabet. In publishing the Hawaiian Bible, they used it to distinguish ''koʻu'' ('my') from ''kou'' ('your').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Elbert|Pukui|1979|p=11}}</ref> In 1864, [[William DeWitt Alexander]] published a grammar of Hawaiian in which he made it clear that the glottal stop (calling it "guttural break") is definitely a true consonant of the Hawaiian language.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schütz|1994|pp=144–145}}</ref> He wrote it using an apostrophe. In 1922, the Andrews-Parker dictionary of Hawaiian made limited use of the opening single quote symbol, then called "reversed apostrophe" or "inverse comma", to represent the glottal stop.<ref name="Schütz 1994 139-141">{{Harvcoltxt|Schütz|1994|pp=139–141}}</ref> Subsequent dictionaries and written material associated with the Hawaiian language revitalization have preferred to use this symbol, the ''ʻokina'', to better represent spoken Hawaiian. Nonetheless, excluding the ''ʻokina'' may facilitate interface with English-oriented media, or even be preferred stylistically by some Hawaiian speakers, in homage to 19th century written texts. So there is variation today in the use of this symbol.

====Electronic encoding====
[[File:ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi in quotes.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|»{{lang|haw|ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi|italic=no}}« (Hawaiian: ''Hawaiian language'') within single [[quotation mark|quotes]], font: [[Linux Libertine]]. The [[glyph]] of the two ʻokinas is clearly different from the one of the opening quote.]]
The ʻokina is written in various ways for electronic uses:
* turned comma: '''<span style="font-size:150%">{{okina}}</span>''', [[Unicode]] hex value 02BB (decimal 699). This does not always have the correct appearance because it is not supported in some fonts.
* opening single quote, a.k.a. left single quotation mark: '''‘''' [[Unicode]] hex value 2018 (decimal 8216). In many fonts this character looks like either a left-leaning single quotation mark or a quotation mark thicker at the bottom than at the top. In more traditional serif fonts such as [[Times New Roman]] it can look like a very small "6" with the circle filled in black: <span style="font-size:150%"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman, Times, Garamond;">'''‘'''</span></span>.

Because many people who want to write the ʻokina are not familiar with these specific characters and/or do not have access to the appropriate fonts and input and display systems, it is sometimes written with more familiar and readily available characters:
* the ASCII apostrophe '''<span style="font-size:150%">'</span>''', [[Unicode]] hex value 27 (decimal 39),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiipropertytax.com/ |title=Hawaii County Real Property Tax Office |access-date=2009-03-03 |quote= This site was designed to provide quick and easy access to real property tax assessment records and maps for properties located in the County of Hawaiʻi and related general information about real property tax procedures. }}</ref> following the missionary tradition.
* the ASCII grave accent (often called [[grave accent#Computer-related|"backquote" or "backtick"]]) '''<span style="font-size:150%">`</span>''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pipwerks.com/journal/2009/02/22/hawaiian-diacriticals/ |title=Hawaiian diacriticals |access-date=2009-03-03 |quote=Over the last decade, there has been an attempt by many well-meaning locals (Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian) to use substitute characters when true diacriticals aren't available. ... This brings me to one of my pet peeves and the purpose of this post: misuse of the backtick (`) character. Many of the previously-mentioned well-intentioned folks mistakenly use a backtick to represent an ʻokina, and it drives me absolutely bonkers. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302152356/http://pipwerks.com/journal/2009/02/22/hawaiian-diacriticals/ |archive-date=2009-03-02 }}</ref> [[Unicode]] hex value 60 (decimal 96)
* the right single quotation mark, or "curly apostrophe" '''<span style="font-size:150%">’</span>''', [[Unicode]] hex value 2019 (decimal 8217)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.permaculture-hawaii.com/ |title=Laʻakea Community |access-date=2009-03-03 |quote=Laʻakea Community formed in 2005 when a group of six people purchased Laʻakea Gardens.}}</ref>

===Macron===
A modern Hawaiian name for the [[macron (diacritic)|macron]] symbol is ''kahakō'' (''kaha'' 'mark' + ''kō'' 'long').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Pukui|Elbert|1986|pp=109, 110, 156, 478}}</ref> It was formerly known as ''mekona'' (Hawaiianization of ''macron''). It can be written as a [[diacritic|diacritical mark]] which looks like a hyphen or dash written above a vowel, i.e., ''ā ē ī ō ū'' and ''Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū''. It is used to show that the marked vowel is a "double", or "geminate", or "long" vowel, in phonological terms.<ref name="Elbert 1979 14-15">{{Harvcoltxt|Elbert|Pukui|1979|pp=14–15}}</ref> (See: [[Vowel length]])

As early as 1821, at least one of the missionaries, [[Hiram Bingham I|Hiram Bingham]], was using macrons (and [[breve]]s) in making handwritten transcriptions of Hawaiian vowels.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Schütz|1994|pp=139, 399}}</ref> The missionaries specifically requested their sponsor in [[Boston]] to send them some type (fonts) with accented vowel characters, including vowels with macrons, but the sponsor made only one response and sent the wrong font size (pica instead of small pica).<ref name="Schütz 1994 139-141"/> Thus, they could not print ā, ē, ī, ō, nor ū (at the right size), even though they wanted to.

===Pronunciation===
Owing to extensive [[allophony]], Hawaiian has more than 13 [[phone (phonetics)|phones]]. Although vowel length is phonemic, long vowels are not always pronounced as such,<ref name="Elbert 1979 14-15"/> even though under the rules for assigning stress in Hawaiian, a long vowel will always receive stress.<ref name="Pukui 1986 xvii–xviii">{{Harvcoltxt|Pukui|Elbert|1986|pp=xvii–xviii}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Elbert|Pukui|1979|pp=14, 20–21}}</ref>