Editing Hawaii (section)

===Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i===
{{Main|Kingdom of Hawaii}}

====House of Kamehameha====
[[File:Kamehameha Statue and flag.jpg|thumb|Kamehameha I conquered the Hawaiian Islands and established a unified monarchy across the archipelago.]]
During the 1780s and early 1790s, the Hawaiian Islands were divided among several warring chiefdoms. In 1795, the fighting ended when Kamehameha, then a chief (ali’i) of Hawaii Island, conquered most of the main islands in the archipelago (including Maui and Oahu) then founded the [[Hawaiian Kingdom]] and the [[House of Kamehameha]] dynasty. Kauai (with nearby Niihau) remained independent until 1810 when it [[Kauai#Cession to the Kingdom of Hawaii|joined the Hawaiian Kingdom peacefully]].<ref name="Kuykendall"/>{{rp|p=29–60}}

After [[Kamehameha II]] inherited the throne in 1819, American Protestant missionaries to Hawai{{okina}}i converted many Hawaiians to Christianity. Missionaries have argued that one function of missionary work was to "civilize" and "purify" perceived heathenism in the New World. This carried into Hawai{{okina}}i.<ref name="FLEXNER 2016 307–331">{{Cite journal |last1=Flexner |first1=James L. |last2=McCoy |first2=Mark D. |title=After the Missionaries: Historical Archaeology and Traditional Religious Sites in the Hawaiian Islands |date=2016 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44012072 |journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=125 |issue=3 |pages=307–331 |doi=10.15286/jps.125.3.307-332 |jstor=44012072 |issn=0032-4000}}</ref><ref name="nps.gov">{{Cite web |title=Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites (Chapter 5) |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/kona/history5b.htm |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=www.nps.gov}}</ref><ref name="Medeiros">{{Cite thesis |last=Medeiros |first=Megan |date=June 2017 |title=Hawaiian History: The Dispossession of Native Hawaiians' Identity, and Their Struggle for Sovereignty |url=https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/557 |type=MA thesis |publisher=California State University, San Bernardino }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meller |first=Norman |date=1958 |title=Missionaries to Hawaii: Shapers of the Islands' Government |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/443652 |journal=The Western Political Quarterly |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=788–799 |doi=10.2307/443652 |jstor=443652 |issn=0043-4078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kashay |first=Jennifer Fish |date=2007 |title=Agents of Imperialism: Missionaries and Merchants in Early-Nineteenth-Century Hawaii |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20474535 |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=280–298 |doi=10.1162/tneq.2007.80.2.280 |jstor=20474535 |s2cid=57560408 |issn=0028-4866}}</ref> According to historical archaeologist James L. Flexner, "missionaries provided the moral means to rationalize conquest and wholesale conversion to Christianity".<ref name="FLEXNER 2016 307–331"/> But rather than abandon traditional beliefs entirely, most native Hawaiians merged their [[Hawaiian religion|Indigenous religion]] with Christianity.<ref name="FLEXNER 2016 307–331"/><ref name="nps.gov"/> Missionaries used their influence to end many traditional practices, including the ''[[Kapu (Hawaiian culture)|kapu]]'' system, the prevailing legal system before European contact, and ''heiau'', or "temples" to religious figures.<ref name="FLEXNER 2016 307–331"/><ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=i8RdAgAAQBAJ|page=165}}|title=Traditional Storytelling Today: An International Sourcebook|last=MacDonald|first=Margaret Read|date=December 16, 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135917142|page=165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_3DrC3iFfQQC|page=15}}|title=American Aloha: Cultural Tourism and the Negotiation of Tradition|last=Diamond|first=Heather A.|date=2008|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press|isbn=9780824831714|page=15}}</ref> ''Kapu'', which typically translates to "the sacred", refers to social regulations (like gender and class restrictions) that were based upon spiritual beliefs.

Under the missionaries' guidance, laws against gambling, consuming alcohol, dancing the ''[[hula]]'', breaking the Sabbath, and polygamy were enacted.<ref name="nps.gov"/> Without the ''kapu'' system, many temples and priestly statuses were jeopardized, idols were burned, and participation in Christianity increased.<ref name="nps.gov"/><ref name="Medeiros"/> When [[Kamehameha III]] inherited the throne at age 12, his advisors pressured him to merge Christianity with traditional Hawaiian ways. Under the guidance of his ''kuhina nui'' (his mother and coregent [[Kaʻahumanu|Elizabeth Ka{{okina}}ahumanu]]) and British allies, Hawaiʻi turned into a Christian monarchy with the signing of the [[1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii|1840 Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hooilina.org/cgi-bin/journal?e=p-0journal--00-0-0-004-Document---0-1--1en-50---20-docoptions-search-issue---001-0110escapewin&a=p&p=frameset&cl=&d=HASH0166acfd8ec6df2fa38fd161.5.2.6|title=Ho'oilina Legacy Collection|website=hooilina.org|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-date=December 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212213916/http://hooilina.org/cgi-bin/journal?e=p-0journal--00-0-0-004-Document---0-1--1en-50---20-docoptions-search-issue---001-0110escapewin&a=p&p=frameset&cl=&d=HASH0166acfd8ec6df2fa38fd161.5.2.6|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Medeiros"/> [[Hiram Bingham I]], a prominent Protestant missionary, was a trusted adviser to the monarchy during this period. Other missionaries and their descendants became active in commercial and political affairs, leading to conflicts between the monarchy and its restive American subjects.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=O_3fCgAAQBAJ|page=572}}|title=World History: Journeys from Past to Present|last1=Goucher|first1=Candice|last2=Walton|first2=Linda|date=March 12, 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135088293|page=572}}</ref> Missionaries from the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and from
[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] were also active in the kingdom, initially converting a minority of the Native Hawaiian population, but later becoming the first and second largest religious denominations on the islands, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/240/JL07047.pdf?sequence=1|title=Religious Statistics of Hawaii, 1825–1972|last=Schmitt|first=Robert C.|page=43|type=Typographical error in "1950", meant to be "1850"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013217/https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/240/JL07047.pdf?sequence=1|archive-date=May 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wist |first=Benjamin O. |chapter=Hawaii – An Educational Experiment in American Democracy |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Bb0HAAAAMAAJ|page=5}}|title=Studies in the History of American Education|date=1947 |editor-last=Eggertsen |editor-first=Claude |publisher=University of Michigan School of Education |page=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=HPyhAgAAQBAJ|page=89}}|title=Indigenous Symbols and Practices in the Catholic Church: Visual Culture, Missionization and Appropriation|last=Martin|first=Dr Kathleen J.|date=June 28, 2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9781409480655|page=89}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=15&T=state&Y=2010&S=adh|title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State Membership Report|publisher=Thearda.com|access-date=April 19, 2021|archive-date=April 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419153651/https://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=15&T=state&Y=2010&S=adh|url-status=dead}}</ref> Missionaries from each major group administered to the leper colony at Kalaupapa on Moloka{{okina}}i, which was established in 1866 and operated well into the 20th century. The best known were [[Father Damien]] and [[Mother Marianne Cope]], both of whom were canonized in the early 21st century as Roman [[Catholic saints]].

The death of the bachelor [[Kamehameha V|King Kamehameha V]]—who did not name an heir—resulted in the popular election of [[Lunalilo]] over [[Kalākaua]]. Lunalilo died the next year, also without naming an heir. In 1874, the election was contested within the legislature between Kalākaua and [[Queen Emma of Hawaii|Emma, Queen Consort of Kamehameha IV]]. After riots broke out, the U.S. and Britain landed troops on the islands to restore order. The [[Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii|Legislative Assembly]] chose [[Kalākaua|King Kalākaua]] as monarch by a vote of 39 to{{spaces}}6 on February 12, 1874.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.3&toc=0|title=Ulukau: The Hawaiian kingdom, vol. 3, 1874–1893, The Kalakaua dynasty|website=www.ulukau.org|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120013821/http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.3&toc=0|archive-date=January 20, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

====1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations====
In 1887, Kalākaua was forced to sign the [[1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii|1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i]]. Drafted by white businessmen and lawyers, the document stripped the king of much of his authority. It established a property qualification for voting that effectively disenfranchised most Hawaiians and immigrant laborers and favored the wealthier, white elite. Resident whites were allowed to vote but resident Asians were not. As the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence, it is known as the Bayonet Constitution. King Kalākaua, reduced to a figurehead, reigned until his death in 1891. His sister, Queen [[Liliuokalani|Lili{{okina}}uokalani]], succeeded him; she was the last monarch of Hawai{{okina}}i.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.21&toc=0|title=Ulukau: The Hawaiian kingdom, vol. 3, 1874–1893, The Kalakaua dynasty|website=www.ulukau.org|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120043915/http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.21&toc=0|archive-date=January 20, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1893, Lili{{okina}}uokalani announced plans for a new constitution to proclaim herself an absolute monarch. On January 14, 1893, a group of mostly Euro-American business leaders and residents formed the [[Committee of Safety (Hawaii)|Committee of Safety]] to stage a [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|coup d'état]] against the kingdom and seek annexation by the United States. U.S. Government Minister [[John L. Stevens]], responding to a request from the Committee of Safety, summoned a company of U.S. Marines. The queen's soldiers did not resist. According to historian William Russ, the monarchy was unable to protect itself.<ref name="Adam">{{cite book | last = Russ | first = William Adam | title = The Hawaiian Revolution (1893–94) | publisher=Associated University Presses | year = 1992 | page = 350 | isbn = 978-0-945636-43-4}}</ref> In ''Hawaiian Autonomy'', Lili{{Okina}}uokalani states: <blockquote>If we did not by force resist their final outrage, it was because we could not do so without striking at the military force of the United States. Whatever constraint the executive of this great country may be under to recognize the present government at Honolulu has been forced upon it by no act of ours, but by the unlawful acts of its own agents. Attempts to repudiate those acts are vain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen. |url=https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/liliuokalani/hawaii/hawaii.html#LVII |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=digital.library.upenn.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=G. |first=Long, Michael |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1237408556 |title=We the Resistance Documenting a History of Nonviolent Protest in the United States. |date=2021 |publisher=City Lights Publishers |isbn=978-0-87286-851-9 |oclc=1237408556}}</ref></blockquote>In a message to Sanford B. Dole, Lili{{Okina}}uokalani states:<blockquote>Now to avoid any collision of armed forces and perhaps the loss of life, I do under this protest, and impelled by said force, yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon the facts being presented to it, undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name=":5"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1894, Appendix II, Affairs in Hawaii – Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1894app2/d82 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref></blockquote>