Editing Haarlem (section)

===19th century===
The textile industry, which had always been an important pillar of Haarlem's economy, was suffering at the beginning of the 19th century. Strong international competition and revolutionary [[Industrial Revolution|new production methods]] based on steam engines already in use in England dealt a striking blow to Haarlem's industry. In 1815, the city's population was about 17,000 people, many of whom were poor. The foundation of the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in that year gave hope to many who believed that under a new government, the economy would improve and that export-oriented economic activities, such as the textile industry, would recover.

In the beginning of the 19th century, the defense walls had lost their function, and architect Zocher Jr. planned a park on the location of the former defense line. The city walls and gates were demolished, and the bricks were reused for construction of factories and workers' homes . Haarlem became the provincial capital of [[North Holland|North Holland province]] in the early 19th century. 

In the mid-19th century, the city's economy slowly started to improve. New factories opened, and a number of large industrial companies were founded in Haarlem by Thomas Wilson, Guillaume Jean Poelman, [[Jean Baptiste Theodore Prévinaire|J.B.T. Prévinaire]], [[J.J. Beijnes]], [[Hendrik Figee]], [[Droste|Gerardus Johannes Droste]], and G.P.J. Beccari.

====Cotton mills====
[[File:Previnaire Katoen fabriek garenkokerskade 19e eeuw.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Cotton mills in Haarlem in the 19th century]]
The [[Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij]] (NHM or Dutch Trade Company) was founded by [[King Willem I]] to create employment opportunities. As one of the cities in the western part of the Netherlands with the worst economic situation, three cotton mills were created in Haarlem under the NHM-program in the 1830s. These were run by experts from the Southern Netherlands, whom the NHM considered better at mechanical weaving through the local expertise of [[Lieven Bauwens]]. 

The contract winners were Thomas Wilson, whose factory was situated north of what is today the Wilsonplein, Guillaume Jean Poelman, who was in business with his nephew Charles Vervaecke from [[Ghent]] and had a factory on what today is the Phoenixstraat, and [[Jean Baptiste Theodore Prévinaire]], who had a factory on the Garenkokerskade and whose son Marie Prosper Theodore Prévinaire created the Haarlemsche Katoenmaatschappij in 1875.

These cotton factories produced goods for export, and because the Dutch government levied heavy taxes on foreign cotton producers this was a profitable business for the NHM-factories, especially for export to the [[Dutch East Indies]]. The programme started in the 1830s, and was initially successful. However, after 1839 when [[Belgium]] split away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the protectionist measures for the Dutch East Indian market were removed, and the business began to flounder. When the [[American Civil War]] reduced the import of raw cotton significantly after 1863, the business went sour. Only Prévinaire was able to survive through specialisation with his "Turkish Red" dye. The Prévinaire "toile Adrinople" was popular.<ref name=textiel>[http://www.historischcentrumoverijssel.nl "Haarlem, textielstad in de 19e eeuw" on website] of History of Overijssel</ref> Prévinaire's son went on to create the Haarlemsche Katoenmaatschappij, which made a kind of imitation [[batik]] cloth called "La Javanaise" that [[African wax prints|became popular]] in [[Belgian Congo]].<ref name=textiel/>

====Train and tram====
[[File:Locomotief dearend.jpg|thumb|A replica of the [[Arend (locomotive)|Arend]], one of two locomotives built by [[R. B. Longridge and Company]] for the Haarlem-Amsterdam railway line in the 1830s.]]

In England in 1804, [[Richard Trevithick]] designed the first locomotive. The government of the Netherlands was relatively slow to catch up, even though the king feared competition from newly established Belgium if it would construct a railway between Antwerp and other cities. The Dutch parliament balked at the high level of investment needed, but a group of private investors started the [[Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij]] on 1 June 1836. 

It took three years to build the first track on the railway, between Haarlem and Amsterdam along the old tow canal called the [[Haarlemmertrekvaart]]. The ground there was wet and muddy. On 20 September 1839, the first train service in the Netherlands started. The train had a speed of about {{convert|40|km/h|0|abbr=on}}. The train service gave the [[Beijnes]] company, and indirectly the whole economy of Haarlem, a strong boost, and the effects of this can be seen in the [[Haarlem railway station]], now a rijksmonument. Instead of more than two hours, Amsterdam was now only 30 minutes away. 

The old passenger service by [[trekschuit]] along the Haarlemmertrekvaart was quickly taken out of service in favour of the train service, which was quicker and more reliable. In 1878, a Beijnes-made [[horse tram]] started servicing passengers from the railway station to the [[Haarlemmerhout]] woodland park, and in 1894, the Eerste Nederlandsche Electrische Tram Maatschappij (ENET) was founded with cars built by Beijnes and became the first Dutch electric tram, which ran in Haarlem from 1899 onwards.

====Water management====
[[File:Gegevens cataloguskaartje Kermis op het Verwulft (28 juni 1855) Potloodtekening van A, Inventarisnummer NL-HlmNHA 53001306.JPG|thumb|Drawing dated 1855 by [[Arnoldus Johannes Eymer]] of the Verwulft during a festival: tents can be seen above the wide arched "overclosure" while a small [[trekschuit]] is moored in the Oude Gracht, indicating a tight squeeze was possible to pass underneath if a (hinged) mast was able to be taken down. The canal was filled in 4 years later in 1859.]] 
Though the old trekvaart was closed for water traffic after railway development, it is still possible to travel by boat from Amsterdam to Haarlem, via the [[ringvaart]] or the [[North Sea Canal]]. Pleasure boating in the summer has become an important Haarlem tourist attraction, though it is not possible to travel all of the original canals as in Amsterdam. The creation of new land in the [[Haarlemmermeer]] [[polder]] from 1852 onwards meant that the city could no longer refresh the water in its canals from the Spaarne river. The increase in industry worsened water quality. In 1859, the Oude Gracht canal stank so badly in the summer that it not only forced visitors away, but posed a public health threat due to [[cholera]] outbreaks. It was filled in to create a new street called the Gedempte Oude Gracht.<ref>"Verwulft" and "Gedempte Oude Gracht", in reference work by [[Dr. Gerda H. Kurtz|Gerda H. Kurtz]], ''De Straat Waarin Wij in Haarlem Wonen'', De Erven F. Bohn N.V., Haarlem, 1965</ref> The periodic cholera outbreaks had not been new, but they had been increasing. In 1591, the city fathers had ordered excavation to build the Verwulft, a wide bridge over the Oude Gracht connecting the north and south portions of the [[Grote Houtstraat]]. Such "overclosures" can still be seen in other Dutch cities, such as the [[Nieuwmarkt]] in Amsterdam.

====Expanding borders====
From 1879, the population of the city almost doubled in thirty years, from 36,976 to 69,410 in 1909. Not only did the population grow, but the city was expanding rapidly, too. The Leidsebuurt district was incorporated into Haarlem in the 1880s. A small part of the (now defunct) municipality of [[Schoten, Netherlands|Schoten]] was incorporated in 1884 because the council of Haarlem wanted to have the hospital ([[Het Dolhuys]]) inside the municipal borders. This hospital was situated at "het bolwerk" on Schoten's territory.

[[File:Van-der-Pigge-Haarlem.jpg|thumb|This [[Gaper]] is located on the front of Van der Pigge, a chemist's that declined to move for [[Vroom & Dreesmann]]'s new department store in 1932.]]