Editing Grammatical case (section)

=== Hindi-Urdu ===
[[Hindustani language|Hindi]]-[[Urdu]] ([[Hindustani grammar|Hindustani]]) has three noun cases, the ''nominative,'' ''oblique'', and ''vocative'' cases. The vocative case is now obsolete (but still used in certain regions{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}) and the oblique case doubles as the vocative case. The pronoun cases in Hindi-Urdu are the ''nominative'', ''ergative'', ''accusative, dative'', and two ''oblique'' cases.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Corbett|first1=Greville G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=se05AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|title=Case and Grammatical Relations: Studies in honor of Bernard Comrie|last2=Noonan|first2=Michael|publisher=Jhn Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2008|isbn=9789027290182|location= Amsterdam/Philadelphia |pages=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Spencer|first=Andrew|date=2005|title=CASE IN HINDI|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267724707|journal =Proceedings of the LFG05 Conference}}</ref> The case forms which do not exist for certain pronouns are constructed using primary postpositions (or other [[grammatical particle]]s) and the oblique case (shown in parentheses in the table below).

The other cases are constructed [[Preposition and postposition|adpositionally]] using the case-marking postpositions using the nouns and pronouns in their oblique cases. The oblique case is used exclusively with these 8 case-marking postpositions of Hindi-Urdu forming 10 grammatical cases, which are: ''ergative'' ने (ne), ''dative'' and ''accusative'' को (ko), ''instrumental'' and ''ablative'' से (se), ''genitive'' का (kā), ''inessive'' में (mẽ), ''adessive'' पे (pe), ''terminative'' तक (tak), ''semblative'' सा (sā).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Butt|first1=M.|last2=King|first2=Tracy Holloway|title=Clause Structure in South Asian Languages|date=2004|chapter=The Status of Case|series=Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory|volume=61|pages=153–198|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-2719-2_6|isbn=978-1-4020-2717-8|s2cid=115765466}}</ref>
{|
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''Noun''<br>''cases''
! colspan="2" |''Masculine''
! colspan="2" |''Feminine''
|-
!''boy''
!''tree''
!''girl''
!''mother''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''''Singular'''''
|[[Nominative case|Nominative]]
|<small>लड़का</small>
lar̥kā
| rowspan="4" |<small>पेड़</small>
per̥
| rowspan="3" |<small>लड़की</small>
lar̥kī
| rowspan="3" |<small>माता</small>
mātā
|-
|[[Oblique case|Oblique]]
| rowspan="3" |<small>लड़के</small>
lar̥ke
|-
|[[Vocative case|Vocative]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''''Plural'''''
|[[Nominative case|Nominative]]
|<small>लड़कियाँ</small>
lar̥kiyã
|<small>माताएँ</small>
mātaẽ
|-
|[[Oblique case|Oblique]]
| rowspan="2" |<small>लड़कों</small>
lar̥kõ
| rowspan="2" |<small>पेड़ों</small>
per̥õ
| rowspan="2" |<small>लड़कियों</small>
lar̥kiyõ
|<small>माताओं</small>
mātāõ
|-
|[[Vocative case|Vocative]]
|<small>माताओ</small>
mātāo
|}
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |''Pronoun''<br>''cases''
! colspan="2" |''1st Person''
! colspan="3" |''2nd Person''
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Singular''
! rowspan="2" |''Plural''
!''Singular''
! colspan="2" |''Singular & Plural''
|-
!''Intimate''
!''Familiar''
!''Formal''
|-
|[[Nominative case|Nominative]]
|<small>मैं</small>
ma͠i
|<small>हम</small>
ham
|<small>तू</small>
tū
|<small>तुम</small>
tum
|<small>आप</small>
āp
|-
|[[Ergative case|Ergative]]
|<small>मैंने</small> 
ma͠ine
|<small>हमने</small> 
hamne
|<small>तूने</small> 
tūne
|<small>तुमने</small> 
tumne
|<small>आपने</small>
āpne
|-
|[[Accusative case|Accusative]]
| rowspan="2" |<small>मुझे</small>
mujhe
| rowspan="2" |<small>हमें</small>
hamẽ
| rowspan="2" |<small>तुझे</small>
tujhe
| rowspan="2" |<small>तुम्हें</small>
tumhẽ
| rowspan="2" |<small>(आपको)</small>
āpko
|-
|[[Dative case|Dative]]
|-
|[[Oblique case|Oblique]]
|<small>मुझ</small>
mujh
|<small>हम</small>
ham
|<small>तुझ</small>
tujh
|<small>तुम</small>
tum
|<small>आप</small>
āp
|-
|[[Oblique case|Oblique]]<br><small>(emphasised)</small>
|<small>मुझी</small>
mujhī
|<small>हमीं</small>
hamī̃
|<small>तुझी</small>
tujhī
|<small>तुम्हीं</small>
tumhī̃
|<small>(आप ही)</small>
āp hī
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |''Pronoun''<br>''cases''
! colspan="4" |''Demonstrative''
! colspan="2" |''Relative''
! colspan="2" |''Interrogative''
|-
! colspan="2" |''Proximal''
! colspan="2" |''Distal''
! rowspan="2" |''Singular''
! rowspan="2" |''Plural''
! rowspan="2" |''Singular''
! rowspan="2" |''Plural''
|-
!''Singular''
!''Plural''
!''Singular''
!''Plural''
|-
|[[Nominative case|Nominative]]<br><small>(colloquial)</small>
| colspan="2" |<small>ये</small>
ye
| colspan="2" |<small>वो</small>

vo
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<small>जो</small>
jo
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<small>कौन, क्या</small><sup>'''1'''</sup>
kaun, kyā
|-
|[[Nominative case|Nominative]]<br><small>(literary)</small>
|<small>यह</small>
yah
|<small>ये</small>
ye
|<small>वह</small>
vah
|<small>वे</small>
ve
|-
|[[Ergative case|Ergative]]
|<small>इसने</small> 
isne
|<small>इन्होंने</small>
inhõne
|<small>उसने</small>
usne
|<small>उन्होंने</small>
unhõne
|<small>जिसने</small>
jisne
|<small>जिन्होंने</small>
jinhõne
|<small>किसने</small>
kisne
|<small>किन्होंने</small>
kinhõne
|-
|[[Accusative case|Accusative]]
| rowspan="2" |<small>इसे</small>
ise
| rowspan="2" |<small>इन्हें</small>
inhẽ
| rowspan="2" |<small>उसे</small>
use
| rowspan="2" |<small>उन्हें</small>
unhẽ
| rowspan="2" |<small>जिसे</small>
jise
| rowspan="2" |<small>जिन्हें</small>
jinhẽ
| rowspan="2" |<small>किसे</small>
kise
| rowspan="2" |<small>किन्हें</small>
kinhẽ
|-
|[[Dative case|Dative]]
|-
|[[Oblique case|Oblique]]
|<small>इस</small>
is
|<small>इन</small>
in
|<small>उस</small>
us
|<small>उन</small>
un
|<small>जिस</small>
jis
|<small>जिन</small>
jin
|<small>किस</small>
kis
|<small>किन</small>
kin
|-
|[[Oblique case|Oblique]]<br><small>(emphasised)</small>
|<small>इसी</small>
isī
|<small>इन्हीं</small>
inhī̃
|<small>उसी</small>
usī
|<small>उन्हीं</small>
unhī̃
|<small>(जिस भी)</small>
jis bhī
|<small>(जिन भी)</small>
jin bhī
|<small>किसी</small>
kisī
|<small>किन्हीं</small>
kinhī̃
|}
|-
| colspan="3" |<sup>'''1'''</sup> ''कौन'' ''(kaun) is the animate interrogative pronoun and क्या (kyā) is the inanimate interrogative pronoun.''
|-
| colspan="3" |'''''Note:''' Hindi lacks 3rd person personal pronouns and to compensate the demonstrative pronouns are used as 3rd person personal pronouns.''
|}