Editing Glorious Revolution (section)

==The revolutionary settlement==
[[File:SA 4973-Anno 1689. De kroning van Willem III en Maria Stuart.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|The coronation of William and Mary, by [[Charles Rochussen]]. [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II|Mary&nbsp;II]] reigned jointly until her death in 1694, when William became sole monarch.]]
James' departure enabled William to take control of the provisional government on 28 December.{{Sfn|Harris|2006|p=319}} Elections were held in early January for a [[Convention Parliament (1689)|Convention Parliament]], which assembled on 22 January. While the Whigs had a slight majority in the [[House of Commons of England|Commons]], the [[House of Lords|Lords]] was dominated by the Tories, but both were led by moderates. Even Stuart loyalists like Archbishop Sancroft recognised keeping James on the throne was no longer possible. Instead, they argued his daughter Mary should either be appointed regent, or sole monarch.{{Sfn|Harris|2006|p=319}}

The issue was debated for next two weeks, much to the annoyance of William, who needed a swift resolution. The situation in Ireland was rapidly deteriorating, while the French had over-run large parts of the Rhineland and were preparing to attack the Dutch.{{Sfn|Harris|2006|p=325}} At a meeting with Danby and Halifax on 3 February, he declared he would return home if the Convention did not appoint him joint monarch, while Mary stated she would only rule jointly with her husband. Faced with this ultimatum, on 6 February Parliament declared that in choosing exile, James had abdicated and thus vacated the Crown, which was therefore offered jointly to William and Mary.{{Sfn|Miller|1978|p=209}}

Historian [[Timothy J. G. Harris|Tim Harris]] argues the most radical act of the 1688 Revolution was the idea of a "contract" between ruler and people, rebutting the Stuart ideology of divine right.{{Sfn|Harris|2006|p=329}} While this was a victory for the Whigs, other pieces of legislation were proposed by the Tories, often with moderate Whig support, designed to protect the Anglican establishment from being undermined by future monarchs, including the [[Reformed Christianity|Calvinist]] William. The [[Declaration of Right, 1689|Declaration of Right]] was a tactical compromise, setting out where James had failed, and establishing the rights of English citizens, without agreeing their cause or offering solutions. In December 1689, this was incorporated into the [[Bill of Rights 1689|Bill of Rights]].{{Sfn|Pincus|2009|pp=292–293}}

However, there were two areas that arguably broke new constitutional ground, both responses to what were viewed as specific abuses by James. First, the Declaration of Right made keeping a standing army without parliamentary consent illegal, overturning the [[The King's Sole Right over the Militia Act 1661|1661]] and [[City of London Militia Act 1662|1662 Militia Acts]] and vesting control of the military in Parliament, not the Crown.{{Sfn|Harris|2006|p=341}} The second was the [[Coronation Oath Act 1688]]; the result of James's perceived failure to comply with that taken in 1685, it established obligations owed by the monarchy to the people.{{Sfn|Maer|Gay|2008|p=4}}

At their coronation on 11 April, William and Mary swore to "govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in Parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same". They were also to maintain the Protestant Reformed faith and "preserve inviolable the settlement of the Church of England, and its doctrine, worship, discipline and government as by law established".{{Sfn|Maer|Gay|2008|p=4}}

===Scotland===
{{Main|Glorious Revolution in Scotland}}
[[File:St. Giles and Parliament House c.1647.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|right|[[Parliament House, Edinburgh]], where the [[Convention of Estates (1689)|Convention of Estates]] met in March 1689]]
While Scotland was not involved in the landing, by November 1688 only a tiny minority supported James. Many of those who accompanied William were Scots exiles, including [[George Melville, 1st Earl of Melville|the Earl of Melville]], [[Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll|the Duke of Argyll]], his personal chaplain [[William Carstares]] and [[Gilbert Burnet]].{{Sfn|Harris|2006|p=165}} News of James's flight led to celebrations and anti-Catholic riots in Edinburgh and Glasgow. Most members of the [[Scottish Privy Council]] went to London. On 7 January 1689, they asked William to take over government. Elections were held in March for a [[Convention of the Estates of Scotland|Scottish Convention]], which was also a contest between Presbyterians and Episcopalians for control of the Kirk. While only 50 of the 125 delegates were classed as Episcopalian, they were hopeful of victory since William supported the retention of bishops.{{Sfn|Harris|2006|pp=379–381}}

On 16 March a Letter from James was read out to the convention, demanding obedience and threatening punishment for non-compliance. Public anger at its tone meant some Episcopalians stopped attending the convention, claiming to fear for their safety and others changed sides.{{Sfn|Szechi|1994|pp=30–31}} The 1689–1691 Jacobite Rising forced William to make concessions to the Presbyterians, ended Episcopacy in Scotland and excluded a significant portion of the political class. Many later returned to the Kirk but [[Nonjuring schism|Non-Juring Episcopalianism]] was the key determinant of [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] support in [[Jacobite rising of 1715|1715]] and [[Jacobite rising of 1745|1745]].{{Sfn|Szechi|Sankey|2001|p=97}}

The English Parliament held that James 'abandoned' his throne. The Convention argued that he 'forfeited' it by his actions, as listed in the Articles of Grievances.{{Sfn|''University of St. Andrews''}} On 11 April, the Convention ended James's reign and adopted the Articles of Grievances and the [[Claim of Right Act 1689|Claim of Right Act]], making Parliament the primary legislative power in Scotland.{{Sfn|Coward|1980|p=460}} On 11 May, William and Mary accepted the Crown of Scotland; after their acceptance, the ''Claim'' and the ''Articles'' were read aloud, leading to an immediate debate over whether or not an endorsement of these documents was implicit in that acceptance.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}{{Sfn|Troost|2005|p=}}{{Page needed|date=November 2022}}

===Ireland===
{{Main|Williamite War in Ireland}}
[[File:Andrew Carrick Gow (1848-1920) - A Lost Cause, Flight of King James II after the Battle of the Boyne - N01530 - National Gallery.jpg|thumb|left|''[[A Lost Cause]]'' by [[Andrew Carrick Gow]], 1888. James&nbsp;II departing for France from [[Kinsale]] following the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in 1690.]]
After his flight from England in December 1688, James II had been given refuge by Louis XIV, who provided him financial and diplomatic assistance. Accompanied by 6,000 French troops, on 12 March 1689 he landed in Ireland, where he was backed by the majority Catholic population.{{Sfnmp|Harris|2006|1p=440|Magennis|1998|2pp=6–111}} His supporters were known as "[[Jacobitism|Jacobites]]", and the [[Williamite War in Ireland|war in Ireland]] was accompanied by a [[Jacobite rising of 1689|rising in Scotland]]; for James, the main objective was to retake England and thus he viewed both Scotland and Ireland as strategic dead ends.{{Sfn|McKay|Scott|1984|p=138–140}} On the other hand, Louis saw them as an opportunity to divert British resources from the Low Countries, a difference in aims that was never adequately resolved.{{Sfnp|Lynn|1999|p=203}}

James' Catholic deputy, the [[Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell|Earl of Tyrconnell]], had raised an [[Irish Army (1542-1801)|Army]] of around 36,000, although many were poorly equipped and it was almost impossible to feed, pay and supply so many.{{Sfnp|Harris|2006|p=405}} Although they quickly occupied much of Ireland, including largely Protestant [[Ulster]], they were unable to capture the key northern port of [[Siege of Derry|Derry]] and were forced to retreat at the end of July. In August, Williamite general [[Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg|Schomberg]] landed in [[Belfast Lough]] with 15,000 reinforcements, but logistics failures meant his army stalled at [[Dundalk]] and suffered heavily from sickness and desertion.{{Sfnp|Kinross|1998|pp=27–28}}

The Scottish Jacobites suffered heavy losses in securing victory at [[Battle of Killiecrankie|Killiecrankie]] in July 1689, including their leader [[John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee|Viscount Dundee]]. By May 1690 the rising had been largely suppressed, although pockets of resistance continued in the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]] until early 1692. At the same time, William III assumed command of government troops in Ireland and gained an important success at [[The Battle of the Boyne]] in July 1690, before victory at [[Battle of Beachy Head (1690)|Beachy Head]] gave the French temporary control of the [[English Channel]]. James returned to France to urge an immediate invasion of England, but the Anglo-Dutch fleet soon regained maritime supremacy, and the opportunity was lost.{{Sfnp|Lynn|1999|p=215}}

By the end of 1690, French and Jacobite troops were confined to the south and west of Ireland. Although repulsed with heavy losses at [[Siege of Limerick (1690)|Limerick]] in September, William transferred command to [[Godert de Ginkel, 1st Earl of Athlone|Godert de Ginkel]] and returned to Flanders. Despite receiving reinforcements and a new general in the [[Marquis de St Ruth]], the Franco-Irish army was defeated at [[battle of Aughrim|Aughrim]] on 12 July 1691; the war in Ireland ended with the [[Treaty of Limerick]] in October, allowing the bulk of the Williamite forces to be shipped to the Low Countries.{{Sfnp|Kinross|1998|p=98}}