Editing Ghana (section)

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Ghana}}
{{see also|Agriculture in Ghana|Manufacturing in Ghana#Automobile manufacturing|l3=Automobile manufacturing in Ghana}}
[[File:GDP per capita development development of Ghana.svg|thumb|Change in per capita GDP, 1870–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars]]

[[File:Ghana Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of exports, 2019]]
[[File:Ghana Export Trends.jpg|thumb|right|Ghana's [[petroleum]], gold, and [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]]; exports in [[percentage]]{{clarification needed|date=April 2025}}<!-- percentage of what? chart is poorly labelled. what exactly does it show? -->]]
Ghana possesses [[industrial mineral]]s, [[hydrocarbon]]s and [[precious metal]]s. It is an emerging designated [[digital economy]] with [[mixed economy]] hybridisation and an [[emerging market]]. It has an economic plan target known as the "Ghana Vision 2020". This plan envisions Ghana as the first African country to become a [[developed country]] between 2020 and 2029 and a [[Newly industrialized country|newly industrialised country]] between 2030 and 2039.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana |url=https://www.vizocom.com/internet/ghana/ |website=Vizocom – Satellite Internet and VSAT Solutions |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608091316/https://www.vizocom.com/internet/ghana/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This excludes fellow [[Group of 24]] member and Sub-Saharan African country [[South Africa]], which is a newly industrialised country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000065384&story_title= |title=Is Ghana the next African economic tiger? |publisher=standardmedia.co.ke |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=5 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403174443/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/mobile/?articleID=2000065384&story_title= |archive-date=3 April 2015}}</ref>

Ghana's economy has ties to the [[Renminbi|Chinese yuan renminbi]] along with Ghana's vast gold reserves. In 2013, the [[Bank of Ghana]] began circulating the renminbi throughout Ghanaian state-owned banks and to the Ghana public as [[hard currency]] along with the national [[Ghanaian cedi]] for second national trade currency.<ref name="BoG introduce Chinese Yuan onto the FX market">{{cite web |url=http://www.radioxyzonline.com/edition/pages/business/09172013-1152/14785.stm |title=BoG introduce Chinese Yuan onto the FX market |publisher=[[Bank of Ghana]] |year=2013 |access-date=22 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926191724/http://www.radioxyzonline.com/edition/pages/business/09172013-1152/14785.stm |archive-date=26 September 2013}}</ref>

Between 2012 and 2013, 38% of rural dwellers were experiencing poverty whereas only 11% of urban dwellers were.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2014/08/15/ghanas-request-for-imf-assistance/ |title=Ghana's Request for IMF Assistance |first=Temesgen Deressa and Amadou |last=Sy |date=30 November 2001 |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160601/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2014/08/15/ghanas-request-for-imf-assistance/ |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Urban areas hold greater opportunity for employment, particularly in informal trade, while nearly all (94 percent) of "rural poor households" participate in the agricultural sector.<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/agricultural-policies/46341169.pdf |title=Economic Importance of Agriculture for Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction: Findings from a Case Study of Ghana |first=Xinshen |last=Diao |conference=Global Forum on Agriculture 29–30 November 2010 – Policies for Agricultural Development, Poverty Reduction and Food Security |location=Paris |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618215948/http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/agricultural-policies/46341169.pdf |archive-date=18 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Volta River Authority]] and the [[Ghana National Petroleum Corporation]], both state-owned, are the two major electricity producers.<ref name="Ghana – Gross Domestic Product">{{cite web |title=Ghana – Gross Domestic Product |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/GDP/revised_gdp_2011_april-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417045744/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/GDP/revised_gdp_2011_april-2012.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2012 |access-date=13 June 2012 |publisher=statsghana.gov.gh}}</ref> The [[Akosombo Dam]], built on the Volta River in 1965, along with the [[Bui Dam]], the [[Kpong Dam]] and several other hydroelectric dams, provide [[hydropower]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr171.pdf |title=A new era of transformation in Ghana |publisher=ifpri.org |access-date=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409195949/http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr171.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2012}}{{rp|12}}</ref><ref name="New fuel for faster development">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldfolio.co.uk/region/africa/ghana/president-john-atta-mills-n145 |title=New fuel for faster development |publisher=worldfolio.co.uk |access-date=31 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624100025/http://www.worldfolio.co.uk/region/africa/ghana/president-john-atta-mills-n145 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, the government sought to [[Nuclear power in Ghana|build the second nuclear power plant in Africa]].

The [[Ghana Stock Exchange]] is the fifth largest on continental Africa and 3rd largest in Sub-Saharan Africa with a [[Market capitalization|market capitalisation]] of [[Ghana Cedi|GH¢]] 57.2&nbsp;billion or [[Renminbi|CN¥]]180.4&nbsp;billion in 2012 with the South Africa [[JSE Limited]] as first.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icbuk.com/images/uploads/ICBUKGhanaReportSeptember2011.pdf |title=Ghana Market Update |publisher=[[Intercontinental Bank]] |access-date=26 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704014602/http://www.icbuk.com/images/uploads/ICBUKGhanaReportSeptember2011.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2012}}{{rp|13}}</ref> The [[Ghana Stock Exchange]] was the second best performing [[stock exchange]] in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africastrictlybusiness.com/lists/top-performing-african-stock-markets-2013 |title=Top-Performing African Stock Markets in 2013 |publisher=africastrictlybusiness.com |year=2013 |access-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321014630/http://www.africastrictlybusiness.com/lists/top-performing-african-stock-markets-2013 |archive-date=21 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ghana produces high-quality [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]].<ref name="Ghana Entering A Sweet, Golden Era">{{cite web |url=http://africanbusinessmagazine.com/special-reports/country-reports/ghana-celebrates/is-ghana-entering-a-sweet-golden-era |title=Is Ghana Entering A Sweet, Golden Era? |work=[[African Business]] |date=September 2011 |access-date=10 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718204528/http://africanbusinessmagazine.com/special-reports/country-reports/ghana-celebrates/is-ghana-entering-a-sweet-golden-era |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the second largest producer of cocoa globally and its [[International Cocoa Organization|ICCO]] membership helps in its international cocoa trade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cocoa facts and figures – Kakaoplattform |url=https://www.kakaoplattform.ch/about-cocoa/cocoa-facts-and-figures#:~:text=In%20the%202018/2019%20cocoa,biggest%20cocoa%20producer%20in%20Asia. |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=www.kakaoplattform.ch |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617043810/https://www.kakaoplattform.ch/about-cocoa/cocoa-facts-and-figures#:~:text=In%20the%202018/2019%20cocoa,biggest%20cocoa%20producer%20in%20Asia. |url-status=live}}</ref> Ghana is classified as a middle-income country.<ref name="IMFWEO.GH" /><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.icbuk.com/images/uploads/ICBUKGhanaReportSeptember2011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704014602/http://www.icbuk.com/images/uploads/ICBUKGhanaReportSeptember2011.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2012 |title=Ghana Market Update |author=Forrest, Paul |publisher=[[Intercontinental Bank]] |date=September 2011 |access-date=26 March 2012 |page=13}}</ref> [[Tertiary sector of the economy|Services]] account for 50% of GDP, followed by manufacturing (24.1%), [[Primary sector of the economy|extractive industries]] (5%), and taxes (20.9%).<ref name="Ghana – Gross Domestic Product" />

Ghana's economy is characterized by a growing manufacturing sector and the export of digital technology products. The country is also engaged in the assembly and export of automobiles and ships. Additionally, Ghana's economy benefits from a diverse range of resource-rich exports, including industrial minerals and agricultural products, with cocoa being a primary commodity. The nation is also a significant producer and exporter of [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]].<ref name="Ghana's Jubilee oil field nears output plateau -operator">{{cite news |title=Ghana's Jubilee oil field nears output plateau -operator |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0DA59S20130423?irpc=932 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125201001/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL6N0DA59S20130423?irpc=932 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=31 May 2013 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

The [[information and communications technology]] (ICT) sector plays a crucial role in Ghana's industrial landscape, with companies such as [[Rlg Communications]], a state-affiliated digital technology corporation, leading in the production of tablet computers, smartphones, and various consumer electronics.<ref name="The Top 5 Countries for ICT in Africa">{{cite web |date=26 March 2012 |title=The Top 5 Countries for ICT4D in Africa |url=http://www.ictworks.org/2012/03/26/top-5-countries-ict4d-africa-are-kenya-ghana-nigeria-tanzania-and/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614035416/http://www.ictworks.org/2012/03/26/top-5-countries-ict4d-africa-are-kenya-ghana-nigeria-tanzania-and/ |archive-date=14 June 2013 |access-date=3 May 2013 |work=ICT Works |publisher=ictworks.org}}</ref>

Urban [[electric car]]s have been manufactured in Ghana since 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghana's model vehicle unveiled by Suame Magazine artisans |author=Kofi Adu Domfeh |url=http://www.modernghana.com/news/458333/1/ghanas-model-vehicle-unveiled-by-suame-magazine-ar.html |publisher=Modernghana.com |date=13 April 2013 |access-date=25 September 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927144319/http://www.modernghana.com/news/458333/1/ghanas-model-vehicle-unveiled-by-suame-magazine-ar.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ghana's model car attracts Dutch government support |url=http://business.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201307/109474.php |publisher=Myjoyonline.gh |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=25 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923084526/http://business.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201307/109474.php |archive-date=23 September 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Ghana announced plans to issue government debt by way of social and green bonds in autumn of 2021, making it the first African country to do so.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-25/ghana-to-sell-sustainable-bonds-for-up-to-1-billion-by-july-kp3rq0p1 |access-date=5 July 2021 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com|first= Moses Mozart |last=Dzawu |title=Ghana to Sell Sustainable Bonds for up to $1 Billion by July |date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718005927/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-25/ghana-to-sell-sustainable-bonds-for-up-to-1-billion-by-july-kp3rq0p1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-05/ghana-mulls-africa-s-first-social-bonds-with-2-billion-sale |access-date=5 July 2021 |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |title=Ghana Mulls Africa's First Social Bonds with $2 Billion Sale|first=Ekow |last=Dontoh |date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706081855/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-05/ghana-mulls-africa-s-first-social-bonds-with-2-billion-sale |url-status=live}}</ref> The country, which was planning to borrow up to $5 billion in international markets,{{when|date=October 2023}} would use the proceeds from these sustainable bonds to refinance debt used for social and environmental projects and pay for educational or health. Only a few other nations have sold them so far, including [[Chile]] and [[Ecuador]]. The country will use the proceeds to forge ahead with a free secondary-school initiative started in 2017 among other programs, despite having recorded its lowest economic growth rate in 37 years in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ekow |last=Dontoh |title=Ghana plans to issue Africa's first social bonds with $2B sale |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/7/5/ghana-plans-to-issue-africas-first-social-bonds-with-2b-sale|date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=www.aljazeera.com |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706055819/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/7/5/ghana-plans-to-issue-africas-first-social-bonds-with-2b-sale |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Jubilee Oil Field of the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC) and National Petroleum Authority.png|thumb|right|[[Jubilee Oil Field]] of the [[Ghana National Petroleum Corporation]] and [[National Petroleum Authority]], located off the coast of the [[Western Region (Ghana)|Western Region]]]]
Ghana produces and exports [[hydrocarbon]]s such as [[sweet crude oil]] and natural gas.<ref name="Five Countries to Watch">{{cite web |url=http://www.individual.troweprice.com/public/Retail/Planning-&-Research/Connections/Africa/Global-Economy-African-Countries-Growth |title=Five Countries to Watch |work=individual.troweprice.com |access-date=27 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412023853/http://individual.troweprice.com/public/Retail/Planning-%26-Research/Connections/Africa/Global-Economy-African-Countries-Growth |archive-date=12 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aluworks.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=60&734e1554a786d82e908c7c85044123c2=746b376516a36724613692ecab763f6f |title=Africa |publisher=Aluworks.com |access-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903210059/http://www.aluworks.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=60&734e1554a786d82e908c7c85044123c2=746b376516a36724613692ecab763f6f |archive-date=3 September 2011}}</ref> The 100%-state-owned [[filling station]] company, [[Ghana Oil Company]], is the number one petroleum and gas filling station, and the 100%-state-owned state oil company Ghana National Petroleum Corporation oversees [[hydrocarbon exploration]] and production of petroleum and natural gas reserves. Ghana aims to further increase the output of oil to {{convert|2.2|e6oilbbl}} per day and gas to {{convert|1.2|e9cuft|m3|order=flip}} per day.<ref name="cs2">Clark, Nancy L. "Petroleum Exploration". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ghtoc.html ''A Country Study: Ghana'']. {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120713070609/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ghtoc.html |date=13 July 2012}} (La Verle Berry, editor). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (November 1994). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].'' [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html Lcweb2.loc.gov] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120710004153/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html |date=10 July 2012}}</ref> The [[Jubilee Oil Field]], which contains up to {{convert|3|Goilbbl|m3}} of sweet crude oil, was discovered in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071222/ap_on_re_af/ghana_oil_discovery_3 |title=Ghana leader: Oil reserves at 3B barrels |work=Yahoo News |date=22 December 2007 |access-date=21 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226200944/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071222/ap_on_re_af/ghana_oil_discovery_3 |archive-date=26 December 2007}}</ref> Ghana is believed to have up to {{convert|5|Goilbbl|m3}} to {{convert|7|Goilbbl|m3}} of petroleum in reserves,<ref>McLure, Jason. [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-01/ghana-oil-reserves-to-be-5-billion-barrels-in-5-years-as-fields-develop.html "Ghana Oil Reserves to Be {{convert|5|Goilbbl|m3}} in 5 years as fields develop"]. [[Bloomberg Television]], 1 December 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191618/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-01/ghana-oil-reserves-to-be-5-billion-barrels-in-5-years-as-fields-develop.html |date=29 October 2013}}.</ref> which is the fifth-largest in Africa and the 21st-to-25th-[[List of countries by proven oil reserves|largest proven reserves]] in the world. It also has up to {{convert|6|e12cuft|m3|order=flip}} of natural gas in reserves.<ref name="Atuabo gas project to propel more growth">{{cite web |url=https://graphic.com.gh/archive/Business-News/atuabo-gas-project-to-propel-more-growth.html |title=Atuabo gas project to propel more growth |first=Moses Dotsey |last=Aklorbortu |work=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]] |date=13 May 2013 |access-date=27 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140503021413/http://graphic.com.gh/archive/Business-News/atuabo-gas-project-to-propel-more-growth.html |archive-date=3 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The government has drawn up plans to [[Nationalization|nationalise]] petroleum and natural gas reserves to increase government revenue.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201304291808.html/?maneref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fm%3Fq%3DGhana%2520privatise%2520mining%26client%3Dms-opera-mobile%26channel%3Dnew |title=Ghana: Why Privatise Ghana Oil? |publisher=allafrica.com |access-date=22 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929015429/http://allafrica.com/stories/201304291808.html/?maneref=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252Fm%253Fq%253DGhana%252520privatise%252520mining%2526client%253Dms-opera-mobile%2526channel%253Dnew |archive-date=29 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, Ghana produced 88 metric tonnes of gold as per the our world in data report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our world in data report Gold production, 1681 to 2015 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table}}</ref> As of 2019, Ghana was the 7th largest producer of gold in the world, producing ~140 [[tonne]]s that year.<ref name="CEIC">{{cite web |title=Ghana Gold Production |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ghana/gold-production |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=CEIC Data |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029183111/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/ghana/gold-production |url-status=live}}</ref> This record saw Ghana surpass South Africa in output for the first time, making Ghana the largest gold producer in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |author=Whitehouse, David |date=8 October 2019 |title=Ghana now Africa's largest gold producer, but reforms await |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/18245/ghana-now-africas-largest-gold-producer-but-reforms-await/ |access-date=16 October 2020 |work=The Africa Report |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029100547/https://www.theafricareport.com/18245/ghana-now-africas-largest-gold-producer-but-reforms-await/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to gold, Ghana exports [[silver]], timber, [[diamond]]s, [[bauxite]], and [[manganese]], and has other mineral deposits.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U49Q8BgiarkC&q=Ghana%20minerals%20granite&pg=PA70 |title=Ghana Mineral and Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide |date=7 February 2007 |publisher=International Business Publications, USA |isbn=978-1-4330-1775-9 |access-date=16 May 2014}} {{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Ghana ranks 9th in the world in diamond export and reserve size.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana |url=https://eiti.org/ghana |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185204/https://eiti.org/ghana |url-status=dead}}</ref> The government has drawn up plans to [[Nationalization|nationalize]] mining industry to increase government revenue.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U49Q8BgiarkC&pg=PA70 |title=Ghana Mineral and Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide |work=Ibpus.com |publisher=International Business Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4330-1775-9 |access-date=24 June 2013}} {{dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ghana Minerals and Mining Act |url=http://www.ghanalegal.com/?id=3&law=535&t=ghana-laws |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021012648/http://www.ghanalegal.com/?id=3&law=535&t=ghana-laws |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=16 May 2014 |publisher=ghanalegal.com}}</ref>

"Shortages" of electricity in 2015 and 2016 led to [[dumsor]] ("persistent, irregular and unpredictable" electric power outages),<ref name="germany">{{cite web |url=http://graphic.com.gh/news/politics/37330-i-ve-been-named-mr-dumsor-in-ghana-prez-mahama-tells-ghanaians-in-germany.html |title=I've been named 'Mr Dumsor' in Ghana – Prez Mahama tells Ghanaians in Germany – See more at |date=21 January 2015 |website=Graphic Online |publisher=Graphic Communications Group Ltd (GCGL) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424025905/http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/37330-i-ve-been-named-mr-dumsor-in-ghana-prez-mahama-tells-ghanaians-in-germany.html |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=2 March 2015}}</ref> increasing the interest in renewables.<ref name="graphic1">{{cite web |url=http://graphic.com.gh/features/features/21105-ghana-s-power-crisis-what-about-renewable-energy.html |title=Ghana's power crisis: What about renewable energy? |publisher=graphic.com.gh |date=10 April 2014 |access-date=8 February 2015 |author=Agbenyega, E. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701211205/http://graphic.com.gh/features/features/21105-ghana-s-power-crisis-what-about-renewable-energy.html |archive-date=1 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2019, there is a surplus of electricity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/lessons-to-be-learnt-from-ghanas-excess-electricity-shambles-121257 |title=Lessons to be learnt from Ghana's excess electricity shambles |last=Sarkodie |first=Samuel Asumadu |website=The Conversation |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=28 December 2019 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108022101/http://theconversation.com/lessons-to-be-learnt-from-ghanas-excess-electricity-shambles-121257 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Judiciary of Ghana|judicial system of Ghana]] deals with corruption, economic malpractice and lack of economic transparency. According to Transparency International's [[Corruption Perceptions Index]] of 2018, out of 180 countries, Ghana was ranked 78th, with a score of 41 on a scale where a 0–9 score means highly corrupt, and a 90–100 score means very clean. This was based on perceived levels of public sector corruption.<ref>{{cite web |title=OUR WORK IN Ghana |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/ghana |website=Transparency.org |publisher=Transparency International |access-date=1 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608091309/https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/ghana |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Science and technology===
Ghana launched a cellular mobile network in 1992. It was later connected to the Internet and introduced [[ADSL]] broadband services.<ref name="Ghanaweb">{{cite web |title=Science & Technology |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/technology/ |publisher=Ghanaweb |date=24 June 2015 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623022534/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/technology/ |archive-date=23 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Ghana was ranked 99th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2024 |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.wipo.int |page=18 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.50062 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-29|date=2 November 2023 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=9789280534320 |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |url-status=live |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |last3=Wunsch-Vincent |first3=Sacha |last4=León |first4=Lorena Rivera |last5=World Intellectual Property Organization }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 October 2013 |title=Global Innovation Index |url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930 |access-date=2 September 2021 |website=INSEAD Knowledge |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre]] (GSSTC) and Ghana Space Agency (GhsA) oversee [[space exploration]] and space programmes. GSSTC and GhsA worked to have a [[national security]] [[Earth observation satellite|observational satellite]] launched into orbit in 2015.<ref name="BBCSpace">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18739694 |title=Africa's journey to space begins on the ground |year=2012 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613213302/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18739694 |archive-date=13 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ghanas-home-grown-space-program-takes-off/1686704.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628032244/http://www.voanews.com/a/1686704.html |url-status=live |archive-date=28 June 2013 |title=Ghana's Home-Grown Space Program Takes Off |year=2013 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |location=United States |access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> Ghana's annual space exploration expenditure has been 1% of its GDP, to support research in science and technology. In 2012, Ghana was elected to chair the [[Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South]] (Comsats); Ghana has a joint effort in space exploration with the [[South African National Space Agency]].<ref name="BBCSpace" />

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Ghana}}
[[File:Surfers Surfing at Busua Beach in Western region, Ghana.jpg|thumb|[[Surfer]]s at [[Busua Beach]] in the [[Western Region (Ghana)|Western Region]]<ref name="11 of the world's most unusual surf spots"/>]]

In 2011, tourists visiting Ghana numbered 1,087,000,<ref name="WAO">{{cite web |work=Ministry of Tourism Ghana |publisher=ghana.gov.gh |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/features/5885-we-are-serious-about-overcoming-the-challenges-confronting-tourism-development |title=We Are Serious About Overcoming The Challenges Confronting Tourism Development |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718223300/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/features/5885-we-are-serious-about-overcoming-the-challenges-confronting-tourism-development |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> with arrivals including South Americans, Asians, Europeans, and North Americans.<ref name="Trade Expo International Ghana"/> Among the attractions and tourist destinations are waterfalls such as [[Kintampo waterfalls]] and the largest waterfall in west Africa, [[Wli waterfalls]], the coastal palm-lined sandy beaches, caves, mountains, rivers, and reservoirs and lakes such as [[Lake Bosumtwi]] and the largest human-made lake in the world by surface area, [[Lake Volta]], dozens of [[List of castles in Ghana|forts and castles]], [[World Heritage Site]]s, nature reserves and national parks.<ref name="Trade Expo International Ghana">{{cite web |url=http://www.uniquetrustex.com/node/162/177/?ex=trade-expo-international-ghana&nid=162 |title=Trade Expo International Ghana |publisher=uniquetrustex.com |access-date=14 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501221713/http://www.uniquetrustex.com/node/162/177/?ex=trade-expo-international-ghana&nid=162 |archive-date=1 May 2013}}</ref> Notable castles are [[Cape Coast Castle Museum|Cape Coast Castle]] and the [[Elmina Castle]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Forts and Castles in Ghana |url=https://visitghana.com/attractions/all-forts-and-castles/ |access-date=12 September 2020 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523044732/https://visitghana.com/attractions/all-forts-and-castles/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Castles mark where blood was shed in the slave trade and preserve and promote the African heritage stolen and destroyed through the slave trade.<ref name="Centre">{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/34/ |access-date=12 September 2020 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |archive-date=27 October 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027113800/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/34/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Convention]] of UNESCO named Ghana's castles and forts as World Heritage Monuments, based on the criterion: "The Castles and Forts of Ghana shaped not only Ghana's history but that of the world over four centuries as the focus of first the gold trade and then the slave trade. They are a significant and emotive symbol of European–African encounters and of the starting point of the African Diaspora."<ref name="Centre" />

The [[World Economic Forum]] statistics in 2010 showed that out of the world's favourite tourist destinations, Ghana was ranked 108th out of 139 countries.<ref name="RANK">{{cite web |title=Forbes: Ghana is eleventh friendliest nation |url=http://vibeghana.com/2011/03/20/forbes-ghana-is-eleventh-friendliest-nation/ |publisher=vibeghana.com |access-date=31 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728071955/http://vibeghana.com/2011/03/20/forbes-ghana-is-eleventh-friendliest-nation/ |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The country had moved two places up from the 2009 rankings. In 2011, ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine published that Ghana was ranked the 11th most friendly country in the world. The assertion was based on a survey in 2010 of a cross-section of travellers. Of all the African countries that were included in the survey, Ghana ranked highest.<ref name="RANK" /> Tourism is the fourth highest earner of foreign exchange for the country.<ref name="RANK" /> In 2024, Ghana ranked as the [[Global Peace Index|55th most peaceful country]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}</ref>

Up and down the coastline, surfing spots have been identified and cultivated by locals and internationals. Surfers have made trips to the country to sample the waves. Surfers carried their boards amid [[Traditional fishing boat|traditional fishing vessels]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Saxena |first=Kanika |date=2018-12-21 |title=Wish To Experience The Thrill Of Surfing in Ghana? Here's Where You Should Go! |url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/surfing-in-ghana/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521092011/https://traveltriangle.com/blog/surfing-in-ghana/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Destination Pride<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/life/travel/tools-to-help-the-lgbtq-community-travel-more-safely-1.4539293 |title=Tools to help the LGBTQ community travel more safely |date=16 February 2018 |first=Ryan E. |last=Thompson |work=CBC Life |access-date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718062412/https://www.cbc.ca/life/travel/tools-to-help-the-lgbtq-community-travel-more-safely-1.4539293 |archive-date=18 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>—a data-driven search platform used to visualize the world's LGBTQ+ laws, rights and social sentiment—Ghana's Pride score is 22 (out of 100).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://destinationpride.org/destination/ghana |title=I'm sharing Ghana's Destination Pride Flag. What does your country score? |website=Destination Pride |access-date=14 March 2019 |archive-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316165738/https://destinationpride.org/destination/ghana |url-status=live}}</ref>