Editing Geopolitics (section)

=== Ancel, Braudel, and the rejection of determinism ===
[[France|French]] [[geographer]] and geopolitician [[Jacques Ancel]] (1879–1936) is considered to be the first theoretician of geopolitics in France, and gave a notable series of lectures at the European Center of the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] in Paris<!-- this is where Ancel worked – see https://books.google.com.co/books?id=kRl8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=jacques+ancel+carnegie&source=bl&ots=3LGDeBAJYD&sig=8OhUn9kBpGDksGAHI0TCz7u48Ak&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1v7fzx_PXAhVncd8KHSPqBL0Q6AEINTAB#v=onepage&q=jacques%20ancel%20carnegie&f=false --> and published ''Géopolitique'' in 1936. Like Reclus, Ancel rejects German determinist views on geopolitics (including Haushofer's doctrines).

[[Braudel]]'s broad view used insights from other social sciences, employed the concept of the ''longue durée'', and downplayed the importance of specific events. This method was inspired by the French [[geographer]] [[Paul Vidal de la Blache]] (who in turn was influenced by German thought, particularly that of [[Friedrich Ratzel]] whom he had met in Germany). Braudel's method was to analyse the interdependence between individuals and their environment.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Braudel|first=Fernand|title=The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II. Vol. 1 Vol. 1|date=2012|publisher=Univ. of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20308-2|location=Berkeley, Calif|language=en|oclc=935298954}}</ref> Vidalian geopolitics is based on varied forms of cartography and on ''[[Possibilism (geography)|possibilism]]'' (founded on a societal approach of geography—i.e. on the principle of spaces polymorphic faces depending from many factors among them mankind, culture, and ideas) as opposed to determinism.