Editing Francis Xavier (section)

==Legacy==
[[File:VisionStFrancisBoccacio.jpg|thumb|upright|''The Vision of St. Francis Xavier'', by [[Giovanni Battista Gaulli]]]]
Francis Xavier became widely noteworthy for his [[missionary work]], both as an organiser and as a pioneer; he reputedly converted more people than anyone else had done since [[Paul the Apostle]]. In 2006 [[Pope Benedict XVI]] said of both [[Ignatius of Loyola]] and Francis Xavier: "not only their history which was interwoven for many years from [[Paris]] and Rome, but a unique desire – a unique passion, it could be said – moved and sustained them through different human events: the passion to give to God-Trinity a glory always greater and to work for the proclamation of the Gospel of Christ to the peoples who had been ignored."<ref name=benedict/> 

His personal efforts most affected religious practice in India and in the [[East Indies]] ([[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Timor]]). {{As of | 2021}} India still has numerous Jesuit missions and many more schools. Xavier also worked to propagate Christianity in [[Christianity in China|China]] and [[Christianity in Japan|Japan]]. However, following the persecutions from 1587 onwards, instituted by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] and the subsequent [[Sakoku|closing of Japan to foreigners]] from 1633 onwards, the [[Kakure Kirishitan|Christians of Japan had to go underground]] to preserve an independent Christian culture.{{sfn|Downes|2001}} Likewise, while Xavier inspired many missionaries to China, Chinese Christians were forced underground there and developed their own Christian culture.

In 1869, a small chapel designed by [[Achille-Antoine Hermitte]] was completed over Xavier's death-place on Shangchuan Island, Canton. It was damaged and restored several times. The most recent restoration in 2006 marked the 500th anniversary of the saint's birth.{{sfn|Davies|2016|pp=92–110}}

Francis Xavier is the patron saint of his native [[Navarre]], which celebrates his feast day on 3 December as a government holiday.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navarra establece los días festivos del calendario laboral para 2022 |url=http://www.navarra.es/es/noticias/2021/05/13/navarra-establece-los-dias-festivos-del-calendario-laboral-para-2022?pageBackId=363032&back=true |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=Navarra.es |language=es-ES |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121130919/https://www.navarra.es/es/noticias/2021/05/13/navarra-establece-los-dias-festivos-del-calendario-laboral-para-2022?pageBackId=363032&back=true |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to Roman Catholic Masses remembering Xavier on that day, now known as the Day of Navarre, celebrations in the surrounding weeks honour the region's cultural heritage. In the 1940s, devoted Catholics instituted the [[Javierada]], an annual day-long pilgrimage, often on foot, from the capital at [[Pamplona]] to Xavier, where the Jesuits built a basilica and museum and restored Francis Xavier's family's castle.<ref name="CTV" />

=== Personal names ===
[[File:Saint Francis Xavier statue, Jakarta Cathedral, Indonesia.jpg|thumb|upright|A statue of ''Santo Fransiskus Xaverius'', at Jesuit ''[[Jakarta Cathedral|Gereja Katedral Santa Perawan Maria Diangkat Ke Surga]]'', in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]]]
[[File:Statue of Staint Francis Xavier.JPG|thumb|upright|A statue of Saint Francis Xavier, at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church, in [[Superior, Wisconsin]], [[United States]]]]
[[File:São Francisco Xavier - Padrão dos Descobrimentos.png|thumb|upright|An effigy of Saint Francis Xavier in the [[Padrão dos Descobrimentos|Monument to the Discoveries]] in [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]]]
As the foremost saint from Navarre and one of the main Jesuit saints, Francis Xavier is much venerated in Spain and the Hispanic countries where ''Francisco Javier'' or ''Javier'' are common male [[given names]].<ref name="INE">''[http://www.ine.es/en/daco/daco42/nombyapel/nombres_mas_frecuentes_en.xls The most frequent names, simple and exact for the national total and exact for the province of residence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929135548/http://www.ine.es/en/daco/daco42/nombyapel/nombres_mas_frecuentes_en.xls |date=29 September 2007 }}'', [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)|Instituto Nacional de Estadística]]. [[Excel spreadsheet]] format. Javier is the 10th-most popular name for males, and Francisco Javier is the 18th. Together, Javier becomes the 8th most frequent name for males.</ref> The alternative spelling ''Xavier'' is also popular in the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]], [[Portugal]], [[Catalonia]], [[Brazil]], [[France]], [[Belgium]], and southern [[Italy]]. In India, the spelling ''Xavier'' is almost always used, and the name is quite common among Christians, especially in [[Goa]] and in the southern states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], and [[Karnataka]]. 

The names ''Francisco Xavier'', ''António Xavier'', ''João Xavier'', ''Caetano Xavier'', ''Domingos Xavier'' and so forth, were very common till quite recently in Goa. ''Fransiskus Xaverius'' is commonly used as a name for [[Indonesia]]n Catholics, usually abbreviated as FX. In Austria and [[Bavaria]] the name is spelt as ''Xaver'' (pronounced {{IPA|bar|ˈksaːfɐ|}}) and often used in addition to Francis as ''Franz-Xaver'' ({{IPA|bar|frant͡sˈksaːfɐ|}}). In [[Polish language|Polish]] the name becomes ''Ksawery''. 

Many Catalan men are named after him, often using the two-name combination ''Francesc Xavier''. In English-speaking countries, "Xavier" until recently was likely to follow "Francis". In the 2000s,  "Xavier" by itself became more popular than "Francis", and after 2001 featured as one of the hundred most common male baby names in the US.<ref name="ssa">{{cite web|url=http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/babynames/|title=Popular Baby Names|publisher=ssa.gov|access-date=6 April 2015|archive-date=5 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105000229/https://www.ssa.gov/OACT/babynames/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Sevier family name, possibly most famous in the United States for [[John Sevier]] (1745–1815), originated from the name "Xavier".<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Williams
 |first1               = Samuel Cole
 |author-link1         = Samuel Cole Williams
 |orig-date            = 1924
 |chapter              = The Franklinites: John Sevier
 |title                = History of the Lost State of Franklin
 |date = 1994
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=cQgesruUGcYC
 |edition              = revised, reprinted
 |location             = Johnson City, Tennessee
 |publisher            = The Overmountain Press
 |publication-date     = 1994
 |page                 = 289
 |isbn                 = 9780932807960
 |access-date          = 14 December 2021
|quote                = The grandfather of John SEVIER, or Xavier, was a native of France, a Huguenot, and is said to have been related to Saint Francis Xavier, and to have lived in the village of Xavier in the French Pyrenees. 
}} 
</ref>

=== Church dedications ===
Many churches all over the world, often founded by Jesuits, have been named in honour of Xavier. The many in the United States include the historic [[St. Francis Xavier Church (Warwick, Maryland)|St. Francis Xavier Shrine]] at [[Warwick, Maryland]] (founded 1720), and the [[Basilica of St. Francis Xavier]] in [[Dyersville, Iowa]]. Note also the American educational teaching order, the [[Xaverian Brothers]], and the [[Mission San Xavier del Bac]] in [[Tucson, Arizona]] (founded in 1692, and known for its [[Spanish Colonial architecture]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://sanxaviermission.org/history |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=San Xavier del Bac Mission |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629054752/https://sanxaviermission.org/history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Francis Xaviers Church in Ulhitiyawa ,Sri Lanka</ref>

===In art===
* [[Rubens]] (1577–1640) painted ''[[Miracles of St. Francis Xavier (Rubens)|Miracles of St.Francis Xavier]]'' for the Jesuit [[St. Charles Borromeo Church, Antwerp]], in which he depicted one of St Francis's many miracles.{{sfn|Rubens|1879|p=66}}
* The [[Charles Bridge]] in Prague, Czech Republic, features a [[Statue of Francis Xavier, Charles Bridge|statue of Francis Xavier]].
* In front of [[Oita Station]] of [[Ōita (city)|Oita City]], in [[Oita Prefecture]] (previously known as [[Bungo Province]]) in Japan, there stands a statue of Francis Xavier.
* The monument [[Padrão dos Descobrimentos]] in [[Belém (Lisbon)]], Portugal, features a Francis Xavier image.

=== Music ===

* [[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]], ''In honorem Sancti Xaverij canticum'' H. 355, for soloists, chorus, flutes, strings and continuo (1688 ?)
* Marc-Antoine Charpentier, ''Canticum de Sto Xavierio'' H. 355a, for soloists, chorus, flutes, oboes, strings and continuo (1690).

=== Missions ===
Shortly before leaving for the East, Xavier issued a famous instruction to Father [[Gaspar Barazeuz]] who was leaving to go to [[Ormus]] (a Portuguese vassal kingdom on an island in the [[Persian Gulf]], now part of [[Iran]]), that he should mix with sinners:

{{blockquote|And if you wish to bring forth much fruit, both for yourselves and for your neighbours, and to live consoled, converse with sinners, making them unburden themselves to you. These are the living books by which you are to study, both for your preaching and for your own consolation. I do not say that you should not on occasion read written books... to support what you say against vices with authorities from the Holy Scriptures and examples from the lives of the saints.|source={{harvnb|Kadič|1961| pp= 12–18}} }}

Modern scholars assess the number of people converted to Christianity by Francis Xavier at around 30,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis Xavier |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/missionaries/francis-xavier.html |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Christian History {{!}} Learn the History of Christianity & the Church |date=8 August 2008 |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211702/http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/131christians/missionaries/xavier.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who was Francis Xavier? |url=https://www.xavier.edu/mission-identity/xaviers-mission/who-is-francis-xavier |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Xavier University |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821071317/https://www.xavier.edu/mission-identity/xaviers-mission/who-is-francis-xavier |url-status=live }}</ref> While some of Xavier's methods have subsequently come under criticism, he has also earned praise. He insisted that missionaries adapt to many of the customs, and most certainly to the language, of the culture they wish to evangelise. And unlike later missionaries, Xavier supported an educated native clergy. Though for a time it seemed that persecution had subsequently destroyed his work in [[Japan]], [[Protestant]] missionaries three centuries later discovered that approximately 100,000 Christians still practised the faith in the [[Nagasaki]] area.<ref name="ctlibrary">{{cite web|url= https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/missionaries/francis-xavier.html|title= Francis Xavier – Christian History & Biography – ChristianityTodayLibrary.com|date= 8 August 2008|publisher= ctlibrary.com|access-date= 10 October 2022|archive-date= 23 September 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211702/http://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/131christians/missionaries/xavier.html|url-status= live}}</ref>

Francis Xavier's work initiated permanent change in eastern [[Indonesia]], and he became known as the "Apostle of the Indies" – in 1546–1547 he worked in the [[Maluku Islands]] among the people of [[Ambon Island|Ambon]], [[Ternate]], and [[Morotai]] (or Moro), and laid the foundations for a permanent mission. After he left the Maluku Islands, others carried on his work. By the 1560s there were 10,000 Roman Catholics in the area, mostly on Ambon. By the 1590s, there were 50,000 to 60,000.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1993|p=25}}

===Role in the Goa Inquisition===
In 1546, Francis Xavier proposed the establishment of the [[Goa Inquisition]] in a letter addressed to the Portuguese King, [[John III of Portugal|John III]].{{sfn|Neill|2004|p=160|ps=: "By another route I have written to your highness of the great need there is in India for preachers... The second necessity which obtains in India, if those who live there are to be good Christians, is that your highness should institute the holy Inquisition; for there are many who live according to the law of Moses or the law of Muhammad without any fear of God or shame before men".}} Xavier addresses the King as the '[[Vicar of Christ]]', owing to his [[Padroado|royal patronage]] over Christianity in the [[East Indies]]. In a letter dated 20 January 1548, he requests the king to be tough on the Portuguese governor in India so that he may be active in propagating the faith.{{sfn|Neill|2004|pp=160–161|ps=: [Let the king warn the governor that] "should he fail to take active steps for the great increase of our faith, you are determined to punish him, and inform him with a solemn oath that, on his return to Portugal, all his property will be forfeited for the benefit of the Santa Misericordia, and beyond this tell him that you will keep him in irons for a number of years... There is no better way of ensuring that all in India become Christians than that your highness should inflict severe punishment on a governor".}} Xavier also wrote to the Portuguese king asking for protection in regards to new converts who were being harassed by Portuguese commandants. Francis Xavier died in 1552 without ever living to see the start of the Goa Inquisition.{{sfn|Couto|2005|p=}}{{pageneeded|date=March 2025}}{{sfn|Rao|1963|p=}}{{pageneeded|date=March 2025}}{{sfn|Coleridge|1872|p=268}}

===Educational institutions===
[[File:Statue of St. Francis Xavier at St. Xavier's School, Kolkata 20 2b.jpg|thumb|upright|A statue of St. Francis Xavier at [[St. Xavier's Collegiate School]], [[Kolkata]]]]
A number of educational institutions are named after him, including:
* [[Xavier University]] – Cincinnati, Ohio
* [[St. Xavier High School (Ohio)|St. Xavier High School]] — Cincinnati, Ohio
* [[St. Xavier High School (Louisville)|St. Xavier High School]] — Louisville, Kentucky
* [[St. Xavier's High School, Fort]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]
* [[St. Xaviers High School, Vile Parle, Mumbai]]
* [[Xaverian College]], Manchester, England
* [[Xavierian Pontifical University]], Bogotá, Colombia
* [[Xavier High School (New York City)]]
* [[Xavier High School (Middletown, Connecticut)]]
* [[Xavier School]] — [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan City]], Philippines
* [[Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan]], Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines
* [[St. Francis Xavier University]] – Antigonish, Nova Scotia
* [[St. Francis Xavier Catholic Secondary School]] – Milton, Ontario
* [[St. Francis Xavier Secondary School (Mississauga)|St. Francis Xavier Catholic Secondary School]] – Mississauga, Ontario, Canada 
* [[St. Xavier's Institution]] – Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
* [[Xavier College]] – Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
* [[Xavier Catholic College, Llandilo]] – Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
* [[St. Francis Xavier's College, Tai Kok Tsui|St. Francis Xavier's College]], Hong Kong
* [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]]
* [[St. Xavier's Collegiate School|St. Xavier's School, Kolkata]]
* [[St. Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Maitighar]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Jawalakhel]]
* [[St. Xavier's School, Godavari]]