Editing Flowering plant (section)

=== Fruit and seed ===

[[File:Aesculus hippocastanum fruit.jpg|thumb|The fruit of the [[Aesculus hippocastanum|horse chestnut]] tree, showing the large seed inside the fruit, which is [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscing or splitting open]]. ]]

{{main|Fruit|Seed}}

As the embryo and endosperm develop, the wall of the embryo sac enlarges and combines with the [[nucellus]] and [[integument]] to form the ''seed coat''. The ovary wall develops to form the fruit or [[pericarp]], whose form is closely associated with type of seed dispersal system.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Eriksson |first=O. |title=Evolution of Seed Size and Biotic Seed Dispersal in Angiosperms: Paleoecological and Neoecological Evidence |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=169 |issue=7 |pages=863–870 |year=2008 |doi=10.1086/589888 |bibcode=2008IJPlS.169..863E |s2cid=52905335 }}</ref>

Other parts of the flower often contribute to forming the fruit. For example, in the [[apple]], the [[hypanthium]] forms the edible flesh, surrounding the ovaries which form the tough cases around the seeds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fruit Anatomy |url=https://ucanr.edu/sites/btfnp/generaltopics/AnatomyPollination/Fruit_Anatomy/ |publisher=University of California |work=Fruit & Nut Research & Information Center |access-date=|url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502175636/https://ucanr.edu/sites/btfnp/generaltopics/AnatomyPollination/Fruit_Anatomy/ |archive-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>

[[Apomixis]], setting seed without fertilization, is found naturally in about 2.2% of angiosperm genera.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hojsgaard |first1=D. |last2=Klatt |first2=S. |last3=Baier |first3=R. |last4=Carman |first4=J.G. |last5=Hörandl |first5=E. |display-authors=3 |title=Taxonomy and Biogeography of Apomixis in Angiosperms and Associated Biodiversity Characteristics |journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=414–427 |date=September 2014 |pmid=27019547 |pmc=4786830 |doi=10.1080/07352689.2014.898488 |bibcode=2014CRvPS..33..414H }}</ref> Some angiosperms, including many [[citrus]] varieties, are able to produce fruits through a type of apomixis called [[nucellar embryony]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gentile |first=Alessandra |title=The Citrus Genome |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsPXDwAAQBAJ |date=18 March 2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-15308-3 |page=171 |access-date=13 December 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414224058/https://books.google.com/books?id=hsPXDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>