Editing First Intifada (section)

=== Impact on Israeli-Palestinian conflict ===
The Intifada was recognized as an occasion where the Palestinians acted cohesively and independently of their leadership or assistance of neighboring Arab states.<ref name="McDowall1989_3">[[First Intifada#McDowall1989|McDowall (1989)]], p.&nbsp;[https://archive.org/details/palestineisraelu00mcdo/page/3]</ref><ref name="NassarHeacock1990_1">[[First Intifada#NassarHeacock1990|Nassar; Heacock (1990)]], p.&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=_P5W5ErBQRYC&pg=PA1 1.]</ref><ref name="Alimi2006_1" /> It transformed the conflict, helping bring about the [[Madrid Conference of 1991]] and the signing of the [[Oslo Accords]] in 1993.<ref name="King" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khalidi |first=Rashid |title=The hundred years' war on Palestine: a history of settler colonialism and resistance, 1917-2017 |date=2022 |publisher=Henry Hold and Company |isbn=978-1-250-78765-1 |edition= |series=A Metropolitan paperback |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cleveland |first1=William L. |title=A history of the modern Middle East |last2=Bunton |first2=Martin |date=2025 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-367-51646-8 |edition= |location=New York London}}</ref>

The success of the Intifada gave [[Yasser Arafat|Arafat]] and his followers the confidence they needed to moderate their political program. At the meeting of the [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence|Palestine National Council in Algiers]] in mid-November 1988, Arafat won a majority for the historic decision to recognize Israel's legitimacy, accept all the relevant UN resolutions going back to 29 November 1947, and adopt the principle of a [[two-state solution]] based on 1967 borders.<ref name="Shlaim2000_466">[[#Shlaim2000|Shlaim (2000)]], p.&nbsp;466.</ref> 

Reflecting on the impact of the Intifada, former United States [[Jimmy Carter|President Jimmy Carter]] wrote that, "The Palestinians' nonviolent resistance in the First Intifada ... contested military occupation from a store of classic methods used on every continent in today's world, as people fight for human rights and justice with concern for the connection between the ends and means."<ref name="King" /> He added that, "the use of concerted nonviolent action offers a basis for transformation of conflict to peace building."<ref name="King" />

The founder of the [[Palestinian Centre for the Study of Nonviolence|Palestinian Center for the Study of Nonviolence]], Jerusalem-born Mubarak Awad, played a major role in advocating for and organizing civil disobedience campaigns against the Israel's occupation in the years prior to the First Intifada.<ref name="King" /> Following the outbreak of the Intifada, Israel arrested and deported Awad in 1988, despite opposition from the [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|Reagan administration]].<ref name="TIME">{{Cite magazine |last=TIME |date=1988-06-27 |title=Israel Forced Exile |url=https://time.com/archive/6712604/israel-forced-exile/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haokets |date=2014-12-19 |title=The Palestinian who won't give up on the power of nonviolence |url=https://www.972mag.com/is-nonviolence-on-the-rise-in-palestine-an-interview-with-dr-mubarak-awad/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=+972 Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Shamir]] ordered Awad's expulsion on grounds of inciting a "civil uprising" and distributing leaflets that advocated for non-violent resistance and civil disobedience.<ref name="TIME" />

Palestinian politician and leader of the [[Palestinian National Initiative]] party, [[Mustafa Barghouti|Dr. Mustafa Barghouti]], attributed the foundations of the First Intifada to the rise of grassroots, local committees across the occupied Palestinian territories in the 1970s. He argued that, "Hamas became radicalized by the brutality of the Occupation, by the violence used to repress the first Intifada."<ref name="Barghouti">{{Cite journal |last=Barghouti |first=Mustafa |date=2005-04-01 |title=Palestinian Defiance |url=https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii32/articles/mustafa-barghouti-palestinian-defiance |journal=New Left Review |issue=32 |pages=117–131}}</ref> Barghouti has contended the "militarization" of the Second Intifada, which began in 2000, was a mistake, and he criticized Fatah for failing to condemn suicide bombings at the time.<ref name="Barghouti" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krause |first=Peter |date=March 2012 |title=Many Roads to Palestine? The Potential and Peril of Multiple Strategies Within a Divided Palestinian National Movement |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280016486 |journal=Crown Center for Middle East Studies |issue=60}}</ref>