Editing Female genital mutilation (section)

===Psychological effects, sexual function===
According to a 2015 [[systematic review]] there is little high-quality information available on the psychological effects of FGM. Several small studies have concluded that women with FGM develop anxiety, depression, and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]].{{sfn|Reisel|Creighton|2015|loc=50}} Feelings of shame and betrayal can develop when women leave the culture that practices FGM and learn that their condition is not the norm, but within the practicing culture, they may view their FGM with pride because for them it signifies beauty, respect for tradition, chastity and hygiene.{{sfn|Abdulcadir|Margairaz|Boulvain|Irion|2011}} Studies on sexual function have also been small.{{sfn|Reisel|Creighton|2015|loc=50}} A 2013 [[meta-analysis]] of 15 studies involving 12,671 women from seven countries concluded that women with FGM were twice as likely to report no sexual desire and 52 percent more likely to report [[dyspareunia]] (painful sexual intercourse). One-third reported reduced sexual feelings.<ref>{{harvnb|Berg|Denison|2013}}; {{harvnb|Reisel|Creighton|2015|loc=51}}; {{harvnb|Sibiani|Rouzi|2008}}</ref>