Editing Ethnicity (section)

===Oceania===
{{Main|Indigenous peoples of Oceania|Europeans in Oceania}}
Nearly all states in Oceania have majority indigenous populations, with notable exceptions being Australia, New Zealand and [[Norfolk Island]], who have majority European populations.<ref name="francepacific">{{cite book |last1=Aldrich |first1=Robert |title=France and the South Pacific Since 1940 |date=1993 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |page=347 |isbn=978-0824815585 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLTDYaHhrZgC&dq=%22with+the+ending+of+the+trust+territory%22&pg=PA347 |access-date=18 February 2022 |quote=Britain's high commissioner in New Zealand continues to administer Pitcairn, and the other former British colonies remain members of the Commonwealth of Nations, recognizing the British Queen as their titular head of state and vesting certain residual powers in the British government or the Queen's representative in the islands. Australia did not cede control of the Torres Strait Islands, inhabited by a Melanesian population, or Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, whose residents are of European ancestry. New Zealand retains indirect rule over Niue and Tokelau and has kept close relations with another former possession, the Cook Islands, through a compact of free association. Chile rules Easter Island (Rapa Nui) and Ecuador rules the Galapagos Islands. The Aboriginals of Australia, the Maoris of New Zealand and the native Polynesians of Hawaii, despite movements demanding more cultural recognition, greater economic and political considerations or even outright sovereignty, have remained minorities in countries where massive waves of migration have completely changed society. In short, Oceania has remained one of the least completely decolonized regions on the globe. |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730064637/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/France_and_the_South_Pacific_since_1940/tLTDYaHhrZgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22with+the+ending+of+the+trust+territory%22&pg=PA347&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live}}</ref> States with smaller European populations include [[Guam]], [[Hawaii]] and [[New Caledonia]] (whose Europeans are known as [[Caldoche]]).<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.isee.nc/tec/popsociete/telechargements/4-population.pdf |title=ISEE – Salaires |website=Isee.nc |access-date=20 August 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225164238/http://www.isee.nc/tec/popsociete/telechargements/4-population.pdf%20 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://starbulletin.com/2007/08/09/news/story06.html Census shows Hawaii is becoming Whiter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829214703/http://starbulletin.com/2007/08/09/news/story06.html |date=29 August 2008 }}, starbulletin.com</ref> [[Indigenous peoples of Oceania]] are [[Aboriginal Australians|Australian Aboriginals]], [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesians]] and [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Papuans]], and they originated from Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Australian-Aboriginal |title=Australian Aboriginal peoples &#124; History, Facts, & Culture &#124; Britannica |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326035744/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Australian-Aboriginal |url-status=live}}</ref> The Austronesians of Oceania are further broken up into three distinct groups; [[Melanesians]], [[Micronesians]] and [[Polynesians]].

[[Island#Oceanic islands|Oceanic]] South Pacific islands nearing [[Latin America]] were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans in the 16th century, with nothing to indicate prehistoric human activity by Indigenous peoples of the Americas or Oceania.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Terrell |first1=John E. |title=Prehistory in the Pacific Islands |date=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=91 |isbn=978-0521369565 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4SM5rK0hM4C&dq=%22eastern+pacific%22+%22uninhabited&pg=PA91 |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730072313/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Prehistory_in_the_Pacific_Islands/Y4SM5rK0hM4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22eastern+pacific%22+%22uninhabited&pg=PA91&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="asianpacific">{{Cite book |last=Crocombe |first=R. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC&dq=%22included+in+cultural+definitions+of+oceania%22&pg=PR13 |title=Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West |date=2007 |publisher=University of the South Pacific. Institute of Pacific Studies |isbn=978-9820203884 |page=13 |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209001401/https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC&dq=%22included+in+cultural+definitions+of+oceania%22&pg=PR13 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="press">{{Cite book |last1=Flett |first1=Iona |title=Islands of Inquiry |last2=Haberle |first2=Simon |date=2008 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1921313899 |editor-last=Clark |editor-first=Geoffrey |pages=281–300 |chapter=East of Easter: Traces of human impact in the far-eastern Pacific |citeseerx=10.1.1.593.8988 |hdl=1885/38139 |jstor=j.ctt24h8gp.20 |editor-last2=Leach |editor-first2=Foss |editor-last3=O'Connor |editor-first3=Sue |chapter-url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p26551/pdf/ch181.pdf |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-date=31 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231001343/http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p26551/pdf/ch181.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Contemporary residents are mainly mestizos and Europeans from the Latin American countries whom administer them,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Frontiers &#124; The Genetic Population Structure of Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile &#124; Genetics |year=2020 |publisher=Frontiersin.org |doi=10.3389/fgene.2020.00669 |pmid=32676101 |doi-access=free |last1=Mountford |first1=H. S. |last2=Villanueva |first2=P. |last3=Fernández |first3=M. A. |last4=Jara |first4=L. |last5=De Barbieri |first5=Z. |last6=Carvajal-Carmona |first6=L. G. |last7=Cazier |first7=J. B. |last8=Newbury |first8=D. F. |journal=[[Frontiers in Genetics]] |volume=11 |page=669 |pmc=7333314}}</ref> although none of these islands have extensive populations.<ref name="ling">{{cite book |last1=Sebeok |first1=Thomas Albert |title=Current Trends in Linguistics: Linguistics in Oceania |date=1971 |publisher=the University of Michigan |page=950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYouAAAAMAAJ&q=%22multitude%22+oceania+%22linguistics%22 |access-date=2 February 2022 |quote=Most of this account of the influence of the Hispanic languages in Oceania has dealt with the Western Pacific, but the Eastern Pacific has not been without some share of the presence of the Portuguese and Spanish. The Eastern Pacific does not have the multitude of islands so characteristic of the Western regions of this great ocean, but there are some: Easter Island, 2000 miles off the Chilean coast, where a Polynesian tongue, Rapanui, is still spoken; the Juan Fernandez group, 400 miles west of Valparaiso; the Galapagos archipelago, 650 miles west of Ecuador; Malpelo and Cocos, 300 miles off the Colombian and Costa Rican coasts respectively; and others. Not many of these islands have extensive populations{{snd}}some have been used effectively as prisons{{snd}}but the official language on each is Spanish. |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730065403/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Current_Trends_in_Linguistics_Linguistic/lYouAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22multitude%22+oceania+%22linguistics%22&dq=%22multitude%22+oceania+%22linguistics%22&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Easter Island]] are the only oceanic island politically associated with Latin America to have an indigenous population, the Polynesian [[Rapa Nui people]].<ref name="realm"/> Their current inhabitants include indigenous Polynesians and mestizo settlers from political administrators [[Chile]], in addition to mixed-race individuals with Polynesian and mestizo/European ancestry.<ref name="realm"/> The British overseas territory of [[Pitcairn Islands]], to the west of Easter Island, have a population of approximately 50 people. They are mixed-race [[Euronesian]]s who descended from an initial group of British and [[Tahitians|Tahitian]] settlers in the 18th century. The islands were previously inhabited by Polynesians; they had long abandoned Pitcairn by the time the settlers had arrived.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.immigration.gov.pn/history/index.html |title=History of Pitcairn Island &#124; Pitcairn Island Immigration |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422004641/http://www.immigration.gov.pn/history/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Norfolk Island, now an [[States and territories of Australia|external territory]] of Australia, is also believed to have been inhabited by Polynesians prior to its initial European discovery in the 18th century. Some of their residents are descended from mixed-race Pitcairn Islanders that were relocated onto Norfolk due to overpopulation in 1856.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Norfolk-Island |title=Norfolk Island &#124; History, Population, Map, & Facts &#124; Britannica |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117020248/https://www.britannica.com/place/Norfolk-Island |url-status=live}}</ref>

The once uninhabited [[Bonin Islands]], later politically integrated into [[Japan]], have a small population consisting of Japanese mainlanders and descendants of early European settlers.<ref name="realm">{{cite book |last1=Todd |first1=Ian |title=Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama |date=1974 |publisher=Angus & Robertson |page=190 |isbn=978-0207127618 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific |access-date=2 February 2022 |quote=[we] can further define the word ''culture'' to mean ''language''. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese part. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non-Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands. Two of them, the Galapagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population{{snd}}the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish – Latin – American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures. |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618161036/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Island_Realm/gcEJAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific&dq=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live}}</ref> Archeological findings from the 1990s suggested there was possible prehistoric human activity by Micronesians prior to European discovery in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iwojima.jp/ogasa2.html |script-title=ja:小笠原諸島の歴史 |title= |trans-title= |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-date=9 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909214123/http://www.iwojima.jp/ogasa2.html |url-status=live |language=ja}}</ref>

Several political entities associated with Oceania are still uninhabited, including [[Baker Island]], [[Clipperton Island]], [[Howland Island]] and [[Jarvis Island]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pacioos.hawaii.edu/education/region-jarvis/ |title=Education Resources: Regional Information, Jarvis Island &#124; PacIOOS |website=Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS) |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510100232/https://www.pacioos.hawaii.edu/education/region-jarvis/ |url-status=live}}</ref> There were brief attempts to settle Clipperton with [[Mexicans]] and Jarvis with [[Native Hawaiians]] in the early 20th century. The Jarvis settlers were relocated from the island due to Japanese advancements during [[World War II]], while most of the settlers on Clipperton ended up dying from starvation and murdering one and other.<ref name="oceanex">{{Cite web |url=https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1705/background/jarvis/welcome.html |title=Discovering the Deep: Exploring Remote Pacific MPAs: Background: The Hui Panalāʻau Story of the Equatorial Pacific Islands of Howland, Baker, and Jarvis: 1935–1942: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research |first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |last=US Department of Commerce |website=oceanexplorer.noaa.gov |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601150253/https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1705/background/jarvis/welcome.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Australia====
{{Main|Indigenous Australians|Native White Australians}}

The first evident ethnic group to live in Australia were the Australian Aboriginals, a group considered related to the Melanesian Torres Strait Islander people. Europeans, primarily from England, arrived first in 1770.

The 2016 Census shows England and New Zealand are the next most common countries of birth after Australia. The proportion of people born in China and India has increased since 2011 (from 6.0 per cent to 8.3 per cent, and 5.6 per cent to 7.4 per cent, respectively).

The proportion of people identifying as being of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin increased from 2.5 per cent of the Australian population in 2011 to 2.8 per cent in 2016.