Editing Ethanol (section)

=== Sources ===
World production of ethanol in 2006 was {{convert|51|GL|usgal}}, with 69% of the world supply coming from Brazil and the U.S.<ref name="Renewable Fuels Association-2008" /> Brazilian ethanol is produced from sugarcane, which has relatively high yields (830% more fuel than the fossil fuels used to produce it) compared to some other [[energy crop]]s.<ref name="WaPo-Brazil">{{cite news | date=19 August 2006 | title=Brazil's Road to Energy Independence | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/19/AR2006081900842.html | vauthors=Reel M}}</ref> Sugarcane not only has a greater concentration of sucrose than corn (by about 30%), but is also much easier to extract. The [[bagasse]] generated by the process is not discarded, but burned by power plants to produce electricity. Bagasse burning accounts for around 9% of the electricity produced in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Rossi | first1=Liane M. | last2=Gallo | first2=Jean Marcel R. | last3=Mattoso | first3=Luiz H. C. | last4=Buckeridge | first4=Marcos S. | last5=Licence | first5=Peter | last6=Allen | first6=David T. | date=2021-03-29 | title=Ethanol from Sugarcane and the Brazilian Biomass-Based Energy and Chemicals Sector | journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering | language=en | volume=9 | issue=12 | pages=4293–4295 | doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01678 | s2cid=233676614 | issn=2168-0485 | doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the 1970s most industrial ethanol in the U.S. was made as a petrochemical, but in the 1980s the U.S. introduced subsidies for [[corn-based ethanol]].<ref name="WittcoffReuben2004">{{cite book | last1=Wittcoff | first1=Harold A. | url={{google books | plainurl=y | id=4KHzc-nYPNsC | page=136}} | title=Industrial Organic Chemicals | last2=Reuben | first2=Bryan G. | last3=Plotkin | first3=Jeffery S. | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-471-44385-8 | pages=136– | name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> According to the Renewable Fuels Association, as of 30 October 2007, 131 grain ethanol bio-refineries in the U.S. have the capacity to produce {{convert|7|e9USgal|m3|abbr=on}} of ethanol per year. An additional 72 construction projects underway (in the U.S.) can add {{convert|6.4|e9USgal|m3}} of new capacity in the next 18 months.<ref name="rfa1" />

In India ethanol is made from sugarcane.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Swami | first=V. N. | publisher=Vidyabharti Publication | year=2020 | location=[[Latur]], Maharashtra, India | page=119 | language=mr | script-title=mr:विद्याभराती जिल्हा मध्यवर्ती सहकारी बँक भारती परीक्षा मार्गदर्शक | trans-title=Vidyabharti District Co-operative Bank recruitment examination guide (Bank clerk grade examination)}}</ref> [[Sweet sorghum]] is another potential source of ethanol, and is suitable for growing in dryland conditions. The [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] is investigating the possibility of growing sorghum as a source of fuel, food, and animal feed in arid parts of [[Asia]] and [[Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Sweet sorghum for food, feed and fuel | date=January 2008 | website=New Agriculturalist | url=http://resourcespace.icrisat.ac.in/filestore/8/4/0_6c06c9b61b19c20/840_be710da94740b90.pdf | access-date=2023-03-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904014010/http://resourcespace.icrisat.ac.in/filestore/8/4/0_6c06c9b61b19c20/840_be710da94740b90.pdf | archive-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> Sweet sorghum has one-third the water requirement of sugarcane over the same time period. It also requires about 22% less water than corn. The world's first sweet sorghum ethanol distillery began commercial production in 2007 in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>[http://exploreit.icrisat.org/sites/default/files/uploads/1378281395_DevelopingASweetSorghum_2013.pdf "Developing a sweet sorghum ethanol value chain"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223044045/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/sites/default/files/uploads/1378281395_DevelopingASweetSorghum_2013.pdf |date=23 February 2014 }}. [[ICRISAT]], 2013</ref>

Ethanol has been produced in the laboratory by converting [[carbon dioxide]] via biological and [[electrochemical]] reactions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=Liew F, Henstra AM, Köpke M, Winzer K, Simpson SD, Minton NP | title=Metabolic engineering of Clostridium autoethanogenum for selective alcohol production | journal=Metabolic Engineering | volume=40 | pages=104–114 | date=March 2017 | pmid=28111249 | doi=10.1016/j.ymben.2017.01.007 | pmc=5367853}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2017/09/18/solar-fuel-system-recycles-co2-for-ethanol-ethylene/ | title=Solar-to-Fuel System Recycles CO2 for Ethanol and Ethylene | date=18 September 2017 | work=News Center | access-date=19 September 2017 | language=en-US}}</ref>

{{block indent|CO<sub>2</sub> + {{chem|H|2|O}} → {{chem|CH|3|C|H|2|O}}H + side products}}