Editing Erasmus (section)

====Freiburg (1529–1535)====
Following sudden, violent, iconoclastic rioting in early 1529{{refn|group=note|"In a few hours, they cleansed churches of idolatry by smashing statues, rood-screens, lights, altar paintings – everything they could lay their hands on, including Hans Holbein the Younger's work. [...] the hang-man lit nine ﬁres in front of the Minster [...] It was, [a witness] lamented, as though these objects 'had been public heretics'. [...] Nowhere else was the destruction by Christian activists so unexpected, violent, swift and complete."<ref name=rublack>{{cite book |last1=Rublack |first1=Ulinka |title=Reformation Europe |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-60354-7 |pages=92–123 |edition=2 |chapter=People and Networks in the Age of the Reformations|doi=10.1017/9781139087728.005 }}</ref>{{rp|96}}}} led by [[Johannes Oecolampadius|Œcolampadius]] his former assistant, in which elected Catholic councilmen were deposed, the city of Basel definitely adopted the Reformation—finally banning the Catholic Mass on 1 April 1529.<ref>{{multiref2|1={{cite web |title=Erasmus – Dutch Humanist, Protestant Challenge |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Erasmus-Dutch-humanist/The-Protestant-challenge |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621053941/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Erasmus-Dutch-humanist/The-Protestant-challenge |url-status=live }}  | 2={{cite book |last1=Schaff |first1=Philip |title=The Reformation in Basel. Oecolampadius. History of the Christian Church, Volume VIII: Modern Christianity. The Swiss Reformation |url=https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc8/hcc8.iv.iv.iii.html |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621062226/https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc8/hcc8.iv.iv.iii.html |url-status=live }} }}</ref> 
 
Erasmus, in company with other Basel Catholic priests including Bishop {{ill|Augustin Mair|de|Augustinus Marius}}, left Basel on 13 April 1529<ref group=note>Prominent reformers like [[Oecolampadius]] urged him to stay. However, Campion, ''Erasmus and Switzerland'', op. cit., p. 26, says that Œcolampadius wanted to drive Erasmus from the city.</ref> and departed by ship to the Catholic university town of [[Freiburg im Breisgau]] to be under the protection of his former student, [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Archduke Ferdinand of Austria]].<ref name=mansfield/>{{rp|210}} Erasmus wrote somewhat dramatically to Thomas More of his frail condition at the time: "I preferred to risk my life rather than appear to approve a programme like theirs. There was some hope of a return to moderation."<ref>2211 / To Thomas More, Freiburg, 5 September 1529, {{cite journal |title=Letters 2803 to 2939. Part 2 |journal=The Correspondence of Erasmus |date=31 December 2020 |pages=151–302 |doi=10.3138/9781487532833-005|isbn=978-1-4875-3283-3 |s2cid=240975375 }}</ref>

[[File:Damiao de gois-albertina.png|thumb|[[Damião de Góis]]]]
In Spring early 1530 Erasmus was bedridden for three months with an intensely painful infection, likely carbunculosis, that, unusually for him, left him too ill to work.<ref name="letters16"/>{{rp|411}} He declined to attend the [[Diet of Augsburg]] to which both the Bishop of Augsburg and the Papal legate Campeggio had invited him, and he expressed doubt on non-theological grounds, to Campeggio and Melanchthon, that reconciliation was then possible: he wrote to Campeggio, "I can discern no way out of this enormous tragedy unless God suddenly appears like a {{lang|la|deus ex machina}} and changes the hearts of men";<ref name=letters16>{{cite journal |title=Letters 2803 to 2939. Part 2 |journal=The Correspondence of Erasmus |date=31 December 2020 |pages=151–302 |doi=10.3138/9781487532833-005|isbn=978-1-4875-3283-3 |s2cid=240975375 }}</ref>{{rp|331}} and later, "What upsets me is not so much their teaching, especially Luther's, as the fact that, under the pre-text of the gospel, I see a class of men emerging whom I find repugnant from every point of view."<ref name=letters16/>{{rp|367}}

He stayed for two years on the top floor of [[the Whale House]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Derek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cM2GAQAACAAJ |title=Hans Holbein: Portrait of an Unknown Man |date=1996 |publisher= Phoenix Giant|isbn=978-0297 815617 |pages=161–162 |language=en}}</ref> then following another rent dispute{{refn|group=note|He spent the first two years in Freiburg as a guest of the city in the unfinished mansion {{lang|de|{{ill|Haus zum Walfisch|de}}}} and was indignant when an attempt was made to charge back-rent: he paid this rent, and that of another refugee from Basel in his house, his fellow [[Augustinian Canon]] Bishop {{ill|Augustin Mair|de|Augustinus Marius}}, the humanist preacher who had led the efforts in Basel to resist Œcolampadius. Emerton (1889), p.449. }} bought and refurbished a house of his own, where he took in scholar/assistants as table-boarders<ref>Emerton (1889), ''op cit'' p442</ref> such as Cornelius Grapheus' friend [[Damião de Góis]], some of them fleeing persecution.

Despite increasing frailty{{refn|group=note|His arthritic gout<ref>{{cite journal |title=Erasmus' Illnesses in His Final Years (1533–6) |journal=The Correspondence of Erasmus |date=31 December 2020 |pages=335–339 |doi=10.3138/9781487532833-007|isbn=978-1-4875-3283-3 |s2cid=240920541 }}</ref> kept him housebound and unable to write: "Even on Easter Day I said mass in my bedroom." Letter to Nicolaus Olahus (1534)}} Erasmus continued to work productively, notably on a new ''magnum opus'', his manual on preaching ''[[Ecclesiastes]]'', and his small book on preparing for death. His boarder for five months, the Portuguese scholar/diplomat [[Damião de Góis]],<ref name=hirsch>{{cite journal |last1=Hirsch |first1=Elisabeth Feist |title=The Friendship of Erasmus and Damiâo De Goes |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1951 |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=556–568 |jstor=3143242  |issn=0003-049X}}</ref> worked on his lobbying on the plight of the [[Sámi people|Sámi]] in Sweden and on the Ethiopian church, and stimulated<ref name=herwaarden/>{{rp|82}} Erasmus' increasing awareness of foreign missions.{{refn|group=note|De Góis then proceeded to Padua, meeting with the humanist cardinals Bembo and Sadeleto, and with Ignatius of Loyola. He had previously dined with Luther and Melanchthon, and met Bucer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=Aubrey F. G. |title=Damião de Goes, a Portuguese Humanist |journal=Hispanic Review |date=1941 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=243–251 |doi=10.2307/470220 |jstor=470220  |issn=0018-2176}}</ref>}}

There are no extant letters between More and Erasmus from the start of More's period as Lord Chancellor until his resignation (1529–1532), almost to the day. Erasmus wrote several  important non-political works under the surprising patronage of [[Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire|Thomas Bolyn]]: his {{lang|la|Ennaratio triplex in Psalmum XXII}} or ''Triple Commentary on Psalm 23'' (1529); <!-- Editors note: 22? 23? different counting systems from Catholic and Protestant psalters, please don't correct--> his catechism to counter Luther {{lang|la|Explanatio Symboli}} or ''[[A Playne and Godly Exposition or Declaration of the Commune Crede]]'' (1533) which sold out in three hours at the Frankfurt Book Fair; and {{lang|la|Praeparatio ad mortem}} or ''Preparation for Death'' (1534), which would be one of Erasmus' most popular and most hijacked works.<ref name=mackay>{{cite thesis |last1=Mackay |first1=Lauren |title=The life and career of Thomas Boleyn (1477–1539): courtier, ambassador, and statesman |date=2019 |publisher=University of Newcastle |hdl=1959.13/1397919 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1397919 |language=en}}</ref><ref group=note>The last was released at the time of Henry VIII and Anne Bolyn's wedding; Erasmus appended a statement that indicated he opposed the marriage. Erasmus outlived Anne and her brother by two months.</ref>