Editing English orthography (section)

== Spelling-to-sound correspondences ==
{{more sources needed section|date=January 2025}}
{{See also|Help:IPA/English}}

'''Notes''':
* In the tables, the hyphen has two different meanings. A hyphen after the letter indicates that it ''must'' be at the beginning of a ''syllable'', e.g., {{vr|j}}- in jumper and ajar. A hyphen before the letter indicates that it ''cannot'' be at the beginning of a ''word'', e.g., -{{vr|ck}} in sick and ticket.
* More specific rules take precedence over more general ones, e.g., "{{vr|c}}- before {{vr|e, i, y}}" takes precedence over "{{vr|c}}".
* Where the letter combination is described as "word-final", [[inflection]]al suffixes may be added without changing the pronunciation, e.g., catalogue'''s'''.
* The dialects used are [[Received Pronunciation]] and [[General American]]. When pronunciations differ idiosyncratically, a pronunciation that only applies to one of the dialects is noted as being (RP) or (GA). When pronunciations differ systematically in a way that is not accounted for by the diaphonemic transcription system (i.e. the [[Trap–bath split|''trap''-''bath'']] and [[Lot-cloth split|''lot''-''cloth'']] splits), the pronunciations in both dialects are given.
* Isolated foreign borrowings are excluded.

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan=2 | Spelling || Major value<br />([[Help:IPA/English|IPA]]) || Examples of major value || Other values || Examples of other values
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''b''', '''bb'''
| morpheme final after {{vr|m}} || ∅ || clim'''b'''er, num'''b'''ing, bom'''b'''ed || {{IPAc-en|b}} || lam'''b''', nim'''b'''
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|b}} || '''b'''it, e'''bb''', lim'''b'''er, '''b'''om'''b'''e, o'''b'''tain, '''b'''lood, '''b'''ring|| ∅ || com'''b'''e, '''b'''dellium, de'''b'''tor, dou'''b'''t
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''c''' || before {{vr|e, i, y, ae, oe}} || {{IPAc-en|s}} || '''c'''ellar, '''c'''ity, '''c'''yst, <br />fa'''c'''e, prin'''c'''e, ni'''c'''er<br />'''c'''aesium, '''c'''oelacanth || {{IPAc-en|tʃ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʃ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʒ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|k}}<br />{{IPAc-en|t|s}} || '''c'''ello, vermi'''c'''elli<br />spe'''c'''ial, liquori'''c'''e<br />coer'''c'''ion<br />'''C'''elts, chi'''c'''er, syn'''c'''ing<br />letovi'''c'''ite
|-
| word initial before {{vr|n, t}} || ∅ || '''c'''nidarian, '''c'''tenoid || ||
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|k}} || '''c'''at, '''c'''ross, predi'''c'''t, opus'''c'''ule, pi'''c'''ture || ∅ || blan'''c'''mange, indi'''c'''t, mus'''c'''le, vi'''c'''tual
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''cc''' || before {{vr|e, i, y}} || {{IPAc-en|k|s}} || a'''cc'''ept, e'''cc'''entric, o'''cc'''idental || {{IPAc-en|k}}<br />{{IPAc-en|tʃ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|s}} || so'''cc'''er, re'''cc'''e, si'''cc'''ing<br />bo'''cc'''e, bre'''cc'''ia, cappu'''cc'''ino<br />fla'''cc'''id
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|k}} || a'''cc'''ount, a'''cc'''rue, o'''cc'''ur, yu'''cc'''a || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''ch'''
| after {{vr|n}} || {{IPAc-en|(|t|)|ʃ}} || bran'''ch''', trun'''ch'''eon, fran'''ch'''ise, tren'''ch'''ant || {{IPAc-en|k}} <br /> {{IPAc-en|tʃ}} <br /> {{IPAc-en|ʃ}}|| in'''ch'''oate, syn'''ch'''ronise, elasmobran'''ch''' <br /> en'''ch'''ant, en'''ch'''ilada, chin'''ch'''illa <br /> pen'''ch'''ant
|-
| in words of Greek origin || {{IPAc-en|k}} || '''ch'''asm, '''ch'''imera, '''ch'''ord, li'''ch'''en || ∅ || dra'''ch'''m
|-
| in words of Modern French origin || {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} || '''ch'''aise, ma'''ch'''ine, ca'''ch'''ed, para'''ch'''ute || {{IPAc-en|k}}<br />{{IPAc-en|tʃ}} || '''ch'''emist, '''ch'''oir, ma'''ch'''ination<br />'''ch'''assis&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>, '''ch'''eque, '''ch'''owder, ni'''ch'''e&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|tʃ}} || '''ch'''ase, '''ch'''in, atta'''ch'''ed, '''ch'''ore || {{IPAc-en|k}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʃ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|h}}<br />{{IPAc-en|dʒ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|x}}<br />∅ || a'''ch'''ed, an'''ch'''or, lepre'''ch'''aun <br />ma'''ch'''ete, pista'''ch'''io, wel'''ch'''<br />'''ch'''utzpah (also with {{IPAc-en|x}}) <br /> sandwi'''ch''', Greenwi'''ch'''<br /> lo'''ch'''<br />ya'''ch'''t, Cri'''ch'''ton
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ck''' || {{IPAc-en|k}} || ta'''ck''', ti'''ck'''et || ||
|-
| colspan=2 | '''d''', '''dd''', '''dh'''|| {{IPAc-en|d}} || '''d'''ive, la'''dd'''er, jo'''dh'''purs || {{IPAc-en|t}}<br />{{IPAc-en|dʒ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ð}}<br />∅ || ache'''d''', crease'''d''', ice'''d''', puffe'''d''', rake'''d'''<br />gra'''d'''uate, gra'''d'''ual (both also {{IPAc-en|dj}} in RP)<br />gorse'''dd''', e'''dh'''<br />We'''d'''nesday, han'''d'''some, san'''d'''wich, ceili'''dh'''
|-
| '''dg'''
|before {{vr|e, i, y}} or a suffix|| {{IPAc-en|dʒ}} || lo'''dg'''er, pi'''dg'''in, e'''dg'''y, abri'''dg'''ment, acknowle'''dg'''ment, ju'''dg'''ment, lo'''dg'''ment, fle'''dg'''ling|| {{IPAc-en|d|ɡ}} || hea'''dg'''ear
|-
| colspan=2 | '''f''', '''ff'''|| {{IPAc-en|f}} || '''f'''ine, o'''ff''', a'''ff'''inity || {{IPAc-en|v}}
| o'''f'''
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''g''' || before {{vr|e, i, y, ae, oe}} || {{IPAc-en|ɡ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|dʒ}} || '''g'''et, ea'''g'''er, al'''g'''ae&nbsp;<small>([[Received Pronunciation|RP]])</small>, '''g'''ig <br />'''g'''el, pa'''g'''er, al'''g'''ae&nbsp;<small>([[General American|GA]])</small>, '''g'''in <br />'''g'''entle, ra'''g'''e, '''g'''igantic, re'''g'''imen|| {{IPAc-en|ʒ}} || '''g'''enre, barra'''g'''e, '''g'''igue, re'''g'''ime
|-
| before {{vr|m, n}} || ∅ || phle'''g'''my, diaphra'''g'''m<br />'''g'''nome, si'''g'''ned, poi'''g'''nant, rei'''g'''n || {{IPAc-en|ɡ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʒ}}|| pi'''g'''my, si'''g'''net, indi'''g'''nant<br />jud'''g'''ment
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|ɡ}} || '''g'''o, '''g'''reat, le'''g''', mar'''g'''aric || {{IPAc-en|dʒ}} <br /> {{IPAc-en|x}} || mar'''g'''arine, '''g'''aol <br /> wit'''g'''at
|-
| colspan=2 | '''gg''' || {{IPAc-en|ɡ}} || da'''gg'''er, smu'''gg'''est, sta'''gg'''ering || {{IPAc-en|dʒ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ɡ|dʒ}} || a'''gg'''er, su'''gg'''est, exa'''gg'''erate<br />su'''gg'''est&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>{{efn-lr|According to the ''Longman Pronunciation Dictionary'', 77% of Americans pronounce "suggest" as {{IPAc-en|s|ə|ɡ|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|s|t}}.{{sfn|Wells|2008}}}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''gh''' || word-initial || {{IPAc-en|ɡ}} || '''gh'''ost, '''gh'''astly, '''gh'''etto || ||
|-
| elsewhere || ∅ || dau'''gh'''ter, throu'''gh''', frau'''gh'''t, brou'''gh'''am<br />ei'''gh'''t, hi'''gh'''er, strai'''gh'''t, si'''gh'''ed || {{IPAc-en|ə}} {{IPAc-en|oʊ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|x}} {{IPAc-en|k}}<br />{{IPAc-en|k}}<br />{{IPAc-en|f}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ɡ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ɡ|h}}<br />{{IPAc-en|p}} || bur'''gh'''<br /> lou'''gh''', sau'''gh'''<br />hou'''gh'''<br />lau'''gh'''ter, trou'''gh''', drau'''gh'''t, rou'''gh'''<br /> bur'''gh'''er, o'''gh'''am, yo'''gh'''<br />le'''gh'''orn, pi'''gh'''eaded<br /> hiccou'''gh'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''h'''
| word-final or after {{vr|r, ex}} || ∅ || o'''h''', r'''h'''ubarb, r'''h'''yme, ex'''h'''ibit, ex'''h'''aust || {{IPAc-en|h}}<br />{{IPAc-en|tʃ}} || ex'''h'''ale, ex'''h'''ume (in RP)<br />[[Hyperbolic sine|sin'''h''']]
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|h}} || '''h'''oney, '''h'''eist, '''h'''ouse, man'''h'''andle<br />doo'''h'''ickey, ve'''h'''icular ||j w ∅ || post'''h'''umous (in RP) Na'''h'''uatl '''h'''onest, '''h'''eir, '''h'''ours, piran'''h'''a<br />anni'''h'''ilate, ve'''h'''icle, ding'''h'''y
|-
| colspan=2 | '''j''' || {{IPAc-en|dʒ}} || '''j'''ump, a'''j'''ar<br />'''j'''onquil, '''J'''ulian<br />'''j'''alap, ca'''j'''ole<br />bi'''j'''ugate || {{IPAc-en|j}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʒ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|h}}<br />∅ || Hallelu'''j'''ah, f'''j'''ord<br />'''j'''ongleur, '''j'''ulienne, bi'''j'''ou<br />'''j'''alapeno, fa'''j'''ita<br />mari'''j'''uana
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''k''', '''kk''', '''kh'''
| word-initial before {{vr|n}} || ∅ || '''k'''nee, '''k'''nife, '''k'''nock || {{IPAc-en|k}} || '''k'''nish, '''K'''noebel
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|k}} || '''k'''ey, ba'''k'''e, tre'''kk'''ing, shei'''kh''', wee'''k'''night || ∅ || be'''k'''nave, cami'''k'''nickers
|-
| colspan=2 | '''l''', '''ll'''|| {{IPAc-en|l}} || va'''l'''ve, ba'''l'''cony, a'''l'''most, va'''ll'''ey, floti'''ll'''a, '''l'''ine, co'''l'''ony|| ∅<br />{{IPAc-en|j}}<br />{{IPAc-en|r}}<!-- <br />{{IPAc-en|lə}} -->|| ha'''l'''ve, ba'''l'''k, sa'''l'''mon<br />torti'''ll'''a<br />co'''l'''onel&nbsp;<small>(in rhotic accents)</small><br /><!-- '''l'''wei is is an isolated loanword to my knowledge -->
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''m''', '''mm'''
| word-initial before {{vr|n}} || ∅ || '''m'''nemonic || ||
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|m}} || '''m'''ine, ha'''mm'''er || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''n''', '''nn'''
| word-final after {{vr|m}} || ∅ || hym'''n''', autum'''n''', dam'''n'''ingly || ||
|-
| before {{IPAc-en|k|,_|g}}|| {{IPAc-en|ŋ}} || i'''n'''kling, ba'''n'''gle, a'''n'''chor, mi'''n'''x || {{IPAc-en|n}} || i'''n'''cline, va'''n'''guard, ma'''n'''kind
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|n}} || '''n'''ice, fu'''nn'''y, e'''n'''zyme<br />mo'''n'''signor, dam'''n'''able, ti'''n'''||{{IPAc-en|ŋ}} <br /> ∅ || a'''n'''xiety <br /> mo'''n'''sieur
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''ng''' || word-final non-silent letter || {{IPAc-en|ŋ}} || lo'''ng''', to'''ng'''ue, ki'''ng'''ly, si'''ng'''er, cli'''ng'''y || {{IPAc-en|ŋ|ɡ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|n|dʒ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ŋ|(|k|)}} || lo'''ng'''er, stro'''ng'''est<br />sti'''ng'''y (''ungenerous'')<!--derived from "sting"--><br />stre'''ng'''th, amo'''ng'''st
|-
| medially otherwise || {{IPAc-en|ŋ|ɡ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|n|dʒ}}|| co'''ng'''ress, si'''ng'''ly, fi'''ng'''er, la'''ng'''uage<br />bi'''ng'''ing, wharfi'''ng'''er, di'''ng'''y, e'''ng'''aol ||{{IPAc-en|n|ɡ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ŋ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|n|ʒ}}||co'''ng'''rats, e'''ng'''age, va'''ng'''uard<br />ha'''ng'''ar, li'''ng'''onberry, a'''ng'''st <!-- 'Tongue' is not a good example, because the 'ng' sound is medial only orthographically --> <br />i'''ng'''enue, li'''ng'''erie
|-
| word-initial || {{IPAc-en|ə|ŋ|ɡ}}|| '''ng'''ana, '''ng'''ultrum, '''Ng'''uni ||{{IPAc-en|n}}|| '''ng'''aio, '''Ng'''ati
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''p''', '''pp'''
| word-initial before {{vr|n, s, t}} || ∅ || '''p'''neumonia, '''p'''syche, '''p'''tomaine || {{IPAc-en|p}} || '''p'''sst
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|p}} || '''p'''ill, ha'''pp'''y, sou'''p''', cor'''p'''se, scri'''p'''t || ∅ || cou'''p''', cor'''p'''s, recei'''p'''t, ras'''p'''berry
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ph''', '''pph'''|| {{IPAc-en|f}} || '''ph'''otogra'''ph''', sa'''pph'''ire || {{IPAc-en|v}}<br />{{IPAc-en|p}}<br />{{IPAc-en|p|h}}<br />∅ ||Ste'''ph'''en<br />she'''ph'''erd, <br />kni'''ph'''ofia, dro'''ph'''ead<br />apo'''ph'''thegm
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''q'''
|in words of Chinese origin || {{IPAc-en|tʃ}} || '''q'''i, '''q'''igong, gu'''q'''in || ||
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|k}}|| Ira'''q''', wa'''q'''f, ya'''q'''ona, mba'''q'''anga, '''q'''iviut || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''r''', '''rr''', '''rh''', '''rrh'''
|
* before a consonant
* finally
* before final {{vr|e}}
| {{IPAc-en|r}}, ∅ in [[non-rhotic]] || ca'''r'''t, hu'''r'''t<br />fi'''r''', walke'''r''', tea'''r''', bu'''rr''', my'''rrh'''<br />ca'''r'''e|| ∅ || sa'''r'''saparilla, fo'''r'''ecastle
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|r}}|| '''r'''ay, pa'''rr'''ot, '''rh'''yme, dia'''rrh'''oea || ∅ || i'''r'''on<!-- According to Longman {{IPAc-en|aɪən}} in RP, {{IPAc-en|aɪərn}} in GA. In neither is there an {{IPAc-en|r}} between the vowels-->, c'''r'''oissant&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small><!-- {{IPAc-en|k|wæ..}}, some British dictionaries suggest American pronunciation is {{IPAc-en|k|wɑː..}} but American dictionaries include the {{IPAc-en|r}}-->, hors d'oeuv'''r'''e (some pronunciations)
|-
|colspan="6"| See [[#Combinations of vowel letters and ⟨r⟩|below]] for combinations of vowel letters and {{Vr|r}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''s'''
| word-final -{{vr|s}} [[morpheme]]<br />after a [[Fortis and lenis|fortis]] sound || {{IPAc-en|s}} || pet'''s''', shop'''s''' || ||
|-
| word-final -{{vr|s}} morpheme<br />after a [[lenis]] sound || {{IPAc-en|z}} || bed'''s''', magaz|ine'''s''' || ||
|-
| between vowels || {{IPAc-en|z}} || phra'''s'''es, pri'''s'''on, plea'''s'''ing || {{IPAc-en|s}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʒ}}
| ba'''s'''es, bi'''s'''on, lea'''s'''ing<!-- is there really a rule here?--><br />vi'''s'''ion, clo'''s'''ure
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|s}} || '''s'''ong, a'''s'''k, mi'''s'''led || {{IPAc-en|z}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʃ}}<br />∅ || i'''s''', len'''s''', ra'''s'''pberry<br />'''s'''ugar, ten'''s'''ion<br />i'''s'''land, ai'''s'''le, debri'''s''', me'''s'''ne
|-
| '''sc'''
|before {{vr|e, i, y}}|| {{IPAc-en|s}} || '''sc'''ene, '''sc'''epter, '''sc'''issors, '''sc'''ythe || {{IPAc-en|s|k}} <br />{{IPAc-en|ʃ}} <br />{{IPAc-en|z}}|| '''sc'''eptic, '''sc'''irrhus<br /> fa'''sc'''ism<br /> cre'''sc'''ent&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small>, di'''sc'''ern
|-
| colspan=2 | '''sch''' || {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} || '''sch'''edule&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small>, '''sch'''ist, e'''sch'''alot || {{IPAc-en|s|k}} <br />{{IPAc-en|s}}<br />{{IPAc-en|s|_|tʃ}} || '''sch'''ool, '''sch'''eme, <br />'''sch'''izoid,<br />i'''sch'''emia, e'''sch'''ar<br /> '''sch'''ism&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small><br />mi'''sch'''ief, e'''sch'''ew
|-
| colspan=2 | '''sh''' || {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} || '''sh'''in, fa'''sh'''ion, wi'''sh''', <br />Lewi'''sh'''am, fore'''sh'''ore, kin'''sh'''ip || {{IPAc-en|s|_|h}}<br /> {{IPAc-en|z|_|h}}<br />{{IPAc-en|s|_|ʃ}}<br /> {{IPAc-en|ʃ|_|h}}<br /> {{IPAc-en|s}} || mi'''sh'''ap, mi'''sh'''it<br />hog'''sh'''ead<br />tran'''sh'''ip<br />thre'''sh'''old<br />di'''sh'''onour
|-
| colspan=2 | '''ss''' || {{IPAc-en|s}} || bo'''ss''', a'''ss'''ign, narci'''ss'''us<br />di'''ss'''ert, po'''ss'''es, bra'''ss'''ier, <br />fine'''ss'''e, ce'''ss'''pool, mi'''ss'''out ||{{IPAc-en|ʃ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʒ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|z}}<br />{{IPAc-en|s|_|s}} || ti'''ss'''ue, pa'''ss'''ion<br />resci'''ss'''ion, sci'''ss'''ure<br />de'''ss'''ert, po'''ss'''ess, bra'''ss'''iere, sci'''ss'''or<br />di'''ss'''eat, mi'''ss'''pell, mi'''ss'''ort
|-
| colspan=2 | '''sw''' || {{IPAc-en|s|w}} || '''sw'''ore, '''sw'''an, '''sw'''ift || {{IPAc-en|s}}<br />{{IPAc-en|z|w}}<br />∅ ||
'''sw'''ord, an'''sw'''er<br />men'''sw'''ear<br /> cox'''sw'''ain
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''t''', '''tt'''
| in -{{vr|sten, stle}} || ∅ || has'''t'''en, lis'''t'''ens, rus'''t'''ling, this'''t'''les || {{IPAc-en|t}} || tungs'''t'''en, lis'''t'''less
<!-- the unstressed -ften rule was for two words (soften, often), while a quarter of the people in the UK and the US pronounce "often" with a T. Seemed too specific-->
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|t}} || '''t'''en, bi'''tt'''er, e'''t'''iology,<br />nas'''t'''ier, a'''tt'''une, pi'''t'''eous,<br />ca'''t'''ion,<br />sof'''t'''er, walle'''t''', gris'''t'''mill,<br />has'''t'''e, dishear'''t'''en|| {{IPAc-en|ʃ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|tʃ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʒ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|d}}<br />∅<br />{{IPAc-en|θ}}
| ra'''t'''ion, mar'''t'''ial, cau'''t'''ious<br />bas'''t'''ion, na'''t'''ure, for'''t'''une, righ'''t'''eous<br />equa'''t'''ion, transi'''t'''ion&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small><br />kindergar'''t'''en&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small><br />sof'''t'''en, balle'''t''', Chris'''t'''mas, mor'''t'''gage<br />[[Hyperbolic tangent|'''t'''anh]]
|-
| colspan=2 | '''tch''' || {{IPAc-en|tʃ}} || ba'''tch''', ki'''tch'''en || ||
|-
| colspan=2 | '''[[Pronunciation of English th|th]]''' || {{IPAc-en|θ}} <br />{{IPAc-en|ð}} || absin'''th'''e<br />bo'''th'''er, soo'''th'''e || {{IPAc-en|t}} <br />{{IPAc-en|t|θ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|t|h}}<br />{{IPAc-en|tʃ}}<br />∅<br /> || '''th'''yme<br /> eigh'''th'''<br />ou'''th'''ouse, po'''th'''erb&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small><br />pos'''th'''umous&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small><br />as'''th'''ma

|-
| colspan=2 | '''v''', '''vv'''|| {{IPAc-en|v}} || '''v'''ine, hea'''v'''y, sa'''vv'''y, re'''v'''eled, re'''vv'''ed || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''w'''
| before {{vr|r}}|| ∅{{efn-lr|{{IPAc-en|w}} in [[Scottish English]].}} || '''wr'''ong, '''wr'''ist, a'''wr'''y || ||
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|w}} || s'''w'''ard, s'''w'''erve, '''w'''ale ||∅<br />{{IPAc-en|v}} || t'''w'''o, s'''w'''ord, ans'''w'''er, gun'''w'''ale<br />'''W'''eltanschauung, '''w'''itgat
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''wh'''-
|before {{Vr|o}}|| {{IPAc-en|h}} || '''wh'''o, '''wh'''ole || {{IPAc-en|w}}{{efn-lr|name="hw"}}|| '''wh'''opping, '''wh'''orl
|-
|elsewhere|| {{IPAc-en|w}}{{efn-lr|name="hw"|Or {{IPAc-en|hw}} in Scottish English, Hiberno-English, Southern American English and, less commonly, other variations (including RP).}}|| '''wh'''eel || {{IPAc-en|f}} || '''wh'''ew&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small>, '''wh'''anau<!-- proper, and foreign, name:, '''Wh'''angarei -->
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''x''' || word-initial || {{IPAc-en|z}} || '''x'''ylophone, '''x'''enon, '''x'''enophobia || ||
|-
| after {{vr|e}}-, and before a vowel || {{IPAc-en|ɡ|z}} || e'''x'''ample, e'''x'''ist, e'''x'''otic, e'''x'''ult<br /> e'''x'''istential, e'''x'''ultation, e'''x'''it{{efn-lr|About half of both British and American speakers say {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|k|s|ɪ|t}}, the other half says {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|ɡ|z|ɪ|t}}.{{sfn|Wells|2008}}}}|| {{IPAc-en|k|s}}<br />{{IPAc-en|z}} || e'''x'''ogenous, e'''x'''ercise
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|k|s}} || bo'''x'''es, mi'''x'''es, e'''x'''pect, ta'''x'''ation, tu'''x'''edo, pro'''x'''imity, <br />jin'''x'''ed, ne'''x'''t, si'''x''', ta'''x'''i || {{IPAc-en|ɡ|z}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ɡ|ʒ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|k|ʃ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|z}}<br />∅ || Ale'''x'''ander, au'''x'''iliary<br /> lu'''x'''ury&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>{{efn-lr|name=luxury|Nearly 80% of Americans pronounce ''luxurious'' with {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ʒ}}, while two thirds of British people use {{IPAc-en|k|ʒ}}. Half the American speakers pronounce ''luxury'' as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ʌ|ɡ|ʒ|ər|i}}, the rest says {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ʌ|k|ʃ|ər|i}}.{{sfn|Wells|2008}}}} an'''x'''iety <br />an'''x'''ious, lu'''x'''ury, se'''x'''ual&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small> lu'''x'''urious{{efn-lr|name=luxury}} <br />plateau'''x''', chateau'''x'''<br />fau'''x'''-pas, rou'''x'''
|- 
| in words of Chinese or Mesoamerican origin || {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} || '''x'''iangqi, '''x'''oloitzcuintle ||
|-
| '''xc'''
|before {{vr|e, i}}|| {{IPAc-en|k|s}} || e'''xc'''ellent, e'''xc'''ept, e'''xc'''ited || ||
|-
| colspan=2 | '''xh'''|| {{IPAc-en|k|sh}} ||e'''xh'''ale, e'''xh'''ume, fo'''xh'''ole || {{IPAc-en|k|s}}<br />{{IPAc-en|g|z}}|| e'''xh'''ibition, Vau'''xh'''all<br />e'''xh'''aust, e'''xh'''ibit<br />e'''xh'''ilarating, e'''xh'''ortation
|-
| colspan=2 | '''y'''- || {{IPAc-en|j}}|| '''y'''es, '''y'''oung || {{IPAc-en|ð}} || '''y'''e&nbsp;<small>(mock archaic)</small>
|-
| colspan=2 | '''z''', '''zz'''|| {{IPAc-en|z}} || ga'''z'''ump, sei'''z'''ed, cra'''z'''ier,<br /> rhi'''z'''oophagous, pi'''zz'''a'''zz''',<br />'''z'''oo, qui'''z''' || {{IPAc-en|ʒ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|t|s}}<br /> dz <br />∅ || a'''z'''ure, sei'''z'''ure, bra'''z'''ier&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small><br />schi'''z'''ophrenic, pi'''zz'''as<br /> jiao'''z'''i <br />rende'''z'''vous
|}
{{notelist-lr}}

=== Vowels ===
In a [[generative linguistics|generative]] approach to English spelling, Rollings (2004) identifies twenty main orthographic vowels of [[Stress (linguistics)|stressed]] syllables that are grouped into four main categories: "Lax", "Tense", "Heavy", "Tense-R".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Letter
! colspan="2" |Lax
! colspan="2" |Tense
! colspan="2" |Heavy
! colspan="2" |Tense-R
|-
!IPA
!example
!IPA
!example
!IPA
!example
!IPA
!example
|-
! a
|{{IPAc-en|æ}}
|man
|{{IPAc-en|eɪ}}
|mane
|{{IPAc-en|ɑːr}}
|mar
|{{IPAc-en|ɛər}}
|mare
|-
! e
|{{IPAc-en|ɛ}}
|met
|{{IPAc-en|iː}}
|mete
|{{IPAc-en|ɜːr}}
|her
|{{IPAc-en|ɪər}}
|here
|-
! i
|{{IPAc-en|ɪ}}
|win
|{{IPAc-en|aɪ}}
|wine
|{{IPAc-en|ɜːr}}
|fir
|{{IPAc-en|aɪər}}
|fire
|-
! o
|{{IPAc-en|ɒ}}
|mop
|{{IPAc-en|oʊ}}
|mope
|{{IPAc-en|ɔːr}}
|for{{efn-lr|name=o-heavy-tense-r|no distinction between heavy and tense-r {{vr|o}} in most varieties of English (see [[horse–hoarse merger]]).}}
|{{IPAc-en|ɔːr}}
|fore{{efn-lr|name=o-heavy-tense-r}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | u
|{{IPAc-en|ʌ}}
|hug
|{{IPAc-en|juː}}
|huge
|{{IPAc-en|ɜːr}}
|cur
|{{IPAc-en|j|ʊər}}
|cure
|-
|{{IPAc-en|ʊ}}
|push
|{{IPAc-en|uː}}
|rude
| colspan="2" |{{efn-lr|name=u-heavy|{{vr|u}} in the {{IPAc-en|ʊ|,_|uː|,_|ʊər}} pattern does not have a heavy vowel.}}
|{{IPAc-en|ʊər}}
|sure
|}
{{notelist-lr}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Digraph
! colspan="2" | Lax
! colspan="2" | Tense
! colspan="2" | Heavy
! colspan="2" | Tense-R
|-
!IPA
!example
!IPA
!example
!IPA
!example
!IPA
!example
|-
! rowspan="2" | ai, ay
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | – || rowspan="2" |{{IPAc-en|eɪ}}
|bait|| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |–|| rowspan="2" |{{IPAc-en|ɛər}}
| air
|-
|essay
|Ayr
|-
! rowspan="2" |au, aw
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAc-en|ɔː}}
|audio
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAc-en|ɔːr}}
|aura
|-
|draw
|rawr
|-
! ea
| {{IPAc-en|ɛ}}
|dreamt||{{IPAc-en|iː}}
|dream||{{IPAc-en|ɜːr}}
|learn||{{IPAc-en|ɪər}}
|hear
|-
! ee
| colspan="2" | –
|{{IPAc-en|iː}}
|see|| colspan="2" |–
|{{IPAc-en|ɪər}}
|beer
|-
! rowspan="2" |eu, ew
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAc-en|juː}}
|feudal
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAc-en|j|ʊər}}
|neurotic
|-
|few
|Newry
|-
! oa
| colspan="2" | – ||{{IPAc-en|oʊ}}
|boat
| colspan="2" | –
|{{IPAc-en|ɔːr}}
|soar
|-
! rowspan="2" | oo
|{{IPAc-en|ʊ}}
| foot||{{IPAc-en|uː}}
| goose|| colspan="2" |–
|{{IPAc-en|ʊər}}
|poor
|-
| colspan="2" |–
| colspan="2" |–
| colspan="2" |–
|{{IPAc-en|ɔːr}}
|floor
|-
! rowspan="4" |ou, ow
|{{IPAc-en|ʌ}}
|southern
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAc-en|aʊ}}
|south||{{IPAc-en|ɜːr}}
|scourge|| rowspan="2" |{{IPAc-en|aʊər}}
| hour
|-
| colspan="2" | –
|now
| colspan="2" | –
|dowry
|-
| colspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAc-en|oʊ}}
|soul
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | –
|{{IPAc-en|ɔːr}}
|four
|-
|{{IPAc-en|ɒ}}
|knowledge
|know
| colspan="2" |–
|-
! rowspan="2" |oi, oy
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAc-en|ɔɪ}}
|point
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAc-en|ɔɪər}}
|coir
|-
|boy
|Moyra
|}

For instance, {{vr|a}} can represent the lax vowel {{IPAc-en|æ}}, tense {{IPAc-en|eɪ}}, heavy {{IPA|/ɑː/}}, or tense-r {{IPA|/ɛə/}}. Heavy and tense-r vowels are the respective lax and tense counterparts followed by {{vr|r}}.

Tense vowels are distinguished from lax vowels with a [[Silent e|"silent" {{vr|e}}]] that is added at the end of words. Thus, {{vr|a}} in ''hat'' is lax {{IPAc-en|æ}}, but when {{vr|e}} is added in the word ''hate'' {{vr|a}} is tense {{IPAc-en|eɪ}}. Heavy and tense-r vowels follow a similar pattern, e.g. {{vr|ar}} in ''car'' is heavy {{IPAc-en|ɑːr}}, {{vr|ar}} followed by silent {{vr|e}} in ''care'' is {{IPAc-en|ɛər}}. {{vr|u}} represents two different vowel patterns, one being {{IPAc-en|ʌ|,_|j|uː|,_|ɜː|,_|j|ʊə}}, the other {{IPAc-en|ʊ|,_|uː|,_|ʊə}}. There is no distinction between heavy and tense-r {{vr|o}}, and {{vr|u}} in the {{IPAc-en|ʊ|,_|uː|,_|ʊə}} pattern does not have a heavy vowel.

Besides silent {{vr|e}}, another strategy for indicating tense and tense-r vowels is the addition of another orthographic vowel forming a [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]]. In this case, the first vowel is usually the main vowel while the second vowel is the "marking" vowel. For example, ''man'' has a lax {{vr|a}} ({{IPAc-en|æ}}), but the addition of {{vr|i}} (as the digraph {{vr|ai}}) in ''main'' marks the {{vr|a}} as tense ({{IPAc-en|eɪ}}). These two strategies produce words that are spelled differently but [[Homophone|pronounced identically]], which helps differentiate words that would otherwise be [[homonym]]s, as in ''mane'' (silent {{vr|e}} strategy), ''main'' (digraph strategy) and ''[[Maine]]'' (both strategies).

Besides the 20 basic vowel spellings, {{harvp|Rollings|2004}} has a [[Unstressed and reduced vowels in English|reduced vowel]] category (representing the sounds {{IPAc-en|ə|,_|ɪ}}) and a miscellaneous category (representing the sounds {{IPAc-en||ɔɪ|,_|aʊ|,_|aɪ}} and {{IPAc-en|j}}+V, {{IPAc-en|w}}+V, V+V).

=== Combinations of vowel letters excluding those followed by ⟨r⟩ ===
To reduce dialectal difficulties, the sound values given here correspond to the conventions at [[Help:IPA/English]]. This table includes {{vr|h, w, y}} when they represent vowel sounds. If no information is given, it is assumed that the vowel is in a stressed syllable.

Deriving the pronunciation of an English word from its spelling requires not only a careful knowledge of the rules given below (many of which are not explicitly known even by native speakers: speakers merely learn the spelling of a word along with its pronunciation) and their many exceptions, but also:

* a knowledge of which syllables are stressed and which are unstressed (not derivable from the spelling: compare ''hallow'' and ''allow'')
* which combinations of vowels represent monosyllables and which represent disyllables (ditto: compare ''waive'' and ''naive'', ''creature'' and ''creator'')

The pronunciation of vowel letters when followed by {{angbr|r}} is covered in a separate table [[#Combinations of vowel letters and ⟨r⟩|below]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="3" | Spelling || Major value<br />([[Help:IPA/English|IPA]]) || Examples of major value || Minor<br /> values || Examples of minor value || Exceptions
|-
| rowspan="12" | '''a'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |in closed syllables
* before multiple consonants
* final vowel in word
| rowspan="2" | {{IPAc-en|æ}}
| rowspan="2" | h'''a'''tchet, b'''a'''nner, t'''a'''lly<br />acrob'''a'''t, c'''a'''t
| {{IPAc-en|eɪ}}
| '''a'''ncient, ch'''a'''mber, p'''a'''stry,<br />b'''a'''ss
| rowspan="2" | {{plainlist|
* {{IPAc-en|ɒ}} y'''a'''cht, restaur'''a'''nt
* {{IPAc-en|ɛ}} c'''a'''tch {{small|(GA)}}
* {{IPAc-en|ʌ}} '''a'''psaras
* ∅ forec'''a'''stle
}}
|-
| {{IPAc-en|ɑː}} {{small|(RP)}}, {{IPAc-en|æ}} {{small|(GA)}}
| '''a'''ft, '''a'''sk, d'''a'''nce, p'''a'''st
|-
| colspan="2" |
*followed by 2+ unstressed syllables
* next syllable contains {{nowrap|{{IPAc-en|ɪ|,_|ə}}}}
|{{IPAc-en|æ}}
|n'''a'''tional, c'''a'''mera, re'''a'''lity<br />'''a'''cid, gr'''a'''nite, p'''a'''lace
|{{IPAc-en|eɪ}}
|n'''a'''tionhood, sc'''a'''thingly<br />b'''a'''sis, aph'''a'''sic
|∅ sars'''a'''parilla
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |in open syllables or before cons. + {{vr|e}}
* before single consonant
* before heterosyllabic vowel
| rowspan="2" | {{IPAc-en|eɪ}}
| rowspan="2" | '''a'''che, g'''a'''ve,<br />op'''a'''que, s'''a'''vor, st'''a'''tus<br />t'''a'''ble, h'''a'''tred, '''A'''pril<br />ch'''a'''os, '''a'''orta, mos'''a'''ic
| {{IPAc-en|æ}}|| h'''a'''ve, pl'''a'''que, m'''a'''nor, st'''a'''tue<br />m'''a'''cle, s'''a'''crifice, the'''a'''trical
| rowspan="2" | {{IPAc-en|ɛ}} m'''a'''ny, '''a'''ny, '''a'''te&nbsp;{{small|(RP)}} <br />{{IPAc-en|aɪ}} n'''a'''ive (also with {{IPAc-en|ɑː}}) <br />{{IPAc-en|ʌ}} s'''a'''ti
|-
| {{IPAc-en|ɑː}}|| deb'''a'''cle<br />g'''a'''la, l'''a'''va, sl'''a'''lom, son'''a'''ta
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |before final -{{vr|nge, ste}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAc-en|eɪ}}
| rowspan="2" |r'''a'''nge, exch'''a'''nge, h'''a'''ste
|{{IPAc-en|æ}}
|fl'''a'''nge, c'''a'''ste&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}}
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|{{IPAc-en|ɑː}}
|mel'''a'''nge
|-
| colspan="2" |after {{IPAc-en|w}} except before {{IPAc-en|k|,_|g|,_|ŋ}}
* closed syllables
| {{nowrap|{{IPAc-en|ɒ}}}}|| w'''a'''nt, w'''a'''tch, <br /> sw'''a'''mp, sw'''a'''stika, w'''a'''llet || {{nowrap|{{IPAc-en|ɒ}} {{small|(RP)}}, {{IPAc-en|ɔː}} {{small|(GA)}}}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ɔː}}<br />{{IPAc-en|eɪ}} || squ'''a'''sh, w'''a'''sp, w'''a'''sh<br />w'''a'''ll, w'''a'''lnut, w'''a'''lrus<br />w'''a'''stage || rowspan="2" | {{IPAc-en|ɑː}} qu'''a'''lm (also {{IPAc-en|ɔː}}), su'''a'''ve, sw'''a'''mi<br />{{IPAc-en|æ}} sw'''a'''m, aqu'''a'''tic&nbsp;{{small|(RP)}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʌ}} w'''a'''s&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}}, wh'''a'''t&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}}
|-
| colspan="2" |after {{IPAc-en|w}} except before {{IPAc-en|k|,_|g|,_|ŋ}}
* open syllables
|{{IPAc-en|eɪ}}
|persu'''a'''de, sw'''a'''the
| {{nowrap |{{IPAc-en|ɒ}}}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ɔː}}
|qu'''a'''lity<br />w'''a'''ter
|-
| colspan="2" |word-final || {{IPAc-en|ɑː}}|| br'''a''', cha-ch'''a''', schw'''a''', sp'''a'''|| || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |unstressed
| in -{{vr|ace, age, ase, ate}}<br />(except verbs) || {{IPAc-en|ɪ|,_|ə}} || pal'''a'''ce, dam'''a'''ge, for'''a'''ge, garb'''a'''ge, pir'''a'''te, priv'''a'''te || {{IPAc-en|ɑː}} <br /> {{IPAc-en|ɪ}}
| <small>RP:</small> gar'''a'''ge, barr'''a'''ge <br />chocol'''a'''te, purch'''a'''se, sol'''a'''ce
| {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} ramp'''a'''ge, prim'''a'''te
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|ə}} || '''a'''bout, '''a'''n, sal'''a'''ry, wom'''a'''n, <br />bl'''a'''ncmange, oper'''a''', vi'''a'''|| {{IPAc-en|ə}} to ∅<br />{{IPAc-en|eɪ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|æ}}<br /> {{IPAc-en|ɑː}} {{small|(RP)}}, {{IPAc-en|æ}} {{small|(GA)}} ||artistic'''a'''lly, ordin'''a'''ry, necess'''a'''ry <br />prob'''a'''te, fol'''a'''te, kin'''a'''se<br/>anor'''a'''k, rect'''a'''ngle, '''a'''bscond<br/>contr'''a'''st {{small|(n)}}, flabberg'''a'''st, reprim'''a'''nd || {{IPAc-en|i}} kar'''a'''oke, bologn'''a'''&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}}<br />{{IPAc-en|æ}} '''A'''ssam<br />{{IPAc-en|ʌ}} ch'''a'''prassi
|-
| colspan="3" | '''aa''', '''ah'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɑː}} || b'''aa''', n'''aa'''n, bl'''ah''' ||{{IPAc-en|ə}}|| Is'''aa'''c, bar mitzv'''ah'''|| {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} Qu'''aa'''lude
|-
| colspan="3" | '''ae'''|| {{IPAc-en|iː}} || encyclop'''ae'''dia, p'''ae'''diatrician, C'''ae'''sar || {{IPAc-en|ɛ}} || '''ae'''sthetic || {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} regg'''ae''', sund'''ae''', G'''ae'''l<br />{{IPAc-en|ə}} Mich'''ae'''l, polk'''ae'''d<br />{{IPAc-en|aɪ}} m'''ae'''stro<br />{{IPAc-en|aɪ|.|ɛ}} p'''ae'''lla<br />{{IPAc-en|æ}} Scottish G'''ae'''lic<!-- According to 'The Chambers Dictionary,' this pronunciation is the usual when referring to the language of Scotland -->
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''ai'''
| colspan="2" |stressed|| {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} || d'''ai'''sy, l'''ai'''d, p'''ai'''sley, reg'''ai'''n, w'''ai'''f
|| {{IPAc-en|aɪ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ɛ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|eɪ|.|ɪ}}|| '''ai'''sle, bons'''ai''', d'''ai'''mon, kr'''ai'''t<br />s'''ai'''d, ag'''ai'''n, ag'''ai'''nst<br />d'''ai'''s, l'''ai'''c, mos'''ai'''c, pap'''ai'''n
|| {{IPAc-en|æ}} pl'''ai'''d, pl'''ai'''ted, d'''ai'''quiri<br />{{IPAc-en|aɪ|ˈ|iː}} n'''ai'''f, c'''ai'''que<br />{{IPAc-en|i|.|ɪ}} arch'''ai'''sm&nbsp;{{small|(RP)}}
|-
| colspan="2" |unstressed|| {{IPAc-en|ɪ|,_|ə}} || barg'''ai'''n, mount'''ai'''n, portr'''ai'''t || {{IPAc-en|ə}} || cert'''ai'''n, coxsw'''ai'''n, sprits'''ai'''l ||
|-
<!-- all pronunciations are really exceptions -->| colspan="3" |'''ao''' || {{IPAc-en|aʊ}} || mano'''ao''', mi'''ao'''w, M'''ao'''ism, cac'''ao'''&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}}
|| {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} <br />{{IPAc-en|eɪ|.|ɒ}} <br />{{IPAc-en|eɪ|.|ə}} <br />{{IPAc-en|i|ˈ|oʊ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ɑː|oʊ}}|| g'''ao'''l<br />k'''ao'''n, ch'''ao'''s<br />k'''ao'''lin<br />kar'''ao'''ke<br />b'''ao'''bab
|
|-
| colspan="3" | '''au''' || {{IPAc-en|ɔː}} || c'''au'''se, fr'''au'''d, h'''au'''l, s'''au'''ce, sl'''au'''ghter
|| {{IPAc-en|ɒ}}<br />{{nowrap|{{IPAc-en|ɑː}} {{small|(RP)}}, {{IPAc-en|æ}} {{small|(GA)}}}}<br />{{IPAc-en|aʊ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ}}|| bec'''au'''se&nbsp;{{small|(RP)}}, s'''au'''sage&nbsp;{{small|(RP)}}, leprech'''au'''n&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}}<br />'''au'''nt, dr'''au'''ght, l'''au'''ghter <br />deg'''au'''ss, gr'''au'''pel, tr'''au'''ma&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}}<br />ch'''au'''ffeur, g'''au'''che, m'''au'''ve
||{{IPAc-en|eɪ}} g'''au'''ge<br />{{IPAc-en|ʌ}} bec'''au'''se&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ə}} meersch'''au'''m<br />∅ rest'''au'''rant
|-
| colspan="3" | '''aw''' || {{IPAc-en|ɔː}} || '''aw'''ed, fl'''aw''', h'''aw'''k, t'''aw'''ny || || || {{IPAc-en|aʊ}} M'''aw'''lid
|-
| colspan="3" | '''ay''' || {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} || b'''ay'''onet, ess'''ay'''s, gr'''ay'''er, h'''ay'''ride
|| {{IPAc-en|aɪ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ɛ}} || '''ay'''e, b'''ay'''ou, k'''ay'''ak, pap'''ay'''a <br />m'''ay'''or, pr'''ay'''er, s'''ay'''s
|| {{IPAc-en|iː}} c'''ay''', qu'''ay''', parl'''ay''' <br />{{IPAc-en|ə|j}} g'''ay'''al
|-
| rowspan="7" |'''e'''
| colspan="2" |in closed syllables
* before multiple consonants
* final vowel in word
|{{IPAc-en|ɛ}}
|p'''e'''tty, l'''e'''thargy, tr'''e'''bleg'''e'''t, watersh'''e'''d
|{{IPAc-en|iː}}
|ax'''e'''s (plural of ''axis'')
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAc-en|ɪ}} pr'''e'''tty, '''E'''nglish<br />{{IPAc-en|ɒ}} '''e'''nnui, '''e'''ntourage, g'''e'''nre<br />{{IPAc-en|eɪ}} '''e'''h<br />{{IPAc-en|ʌ}} f'''e'''ng shui
|-
| colspan="2" |
*bef. 2+ unstressed syllables
* next syllable contains {{IPAc-en|ɪ}}
|{{IPAc-en|ɛ}}
|l'''e'''gacy, '''e'''legant, d'''e'''licate, m'''e'''tric, cr'''e'''vice, '''e'''pic
|{{IPAc-en|iː}}
|l'''e'''thal, r'''e'''flex, St'''e'''phen, fec'''e'''s, l'''e'''gally,<br /> d'''e'''vious, pr'''e'''mium, '''e'''vil, sc'''e'''nic, strat'''e'''gic
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | in open syllables
* before single consonant
* before cons. + {{vr|r}} + vowel<!-- besides Keble, a proper name, there are no common words to follow the "rule" that ending with e+cons.+le should be pronounced /iː/ "Treble" is common, but an "exception". -->
* final, only vowel in word
<!-- * final, Greek loans (form of an unstressed {{vr|e}}, moved to below-->
* before heterosyllabic vowel
| rowspan="2" | {{IPAc-en|iː}} || rowspan="2" | '''e'''ven, d'''e'''mon, f'''e'''tal, r'''e'''combine <br />m'''e'''tre, s'''e'''cret, '''e'''gret, secr'''e'''tion<br />b'''e''', sh'''e'''<br />mus'''e'''um, n'''e'''on, th'''e'''ater&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}} || {{IPAc-en|ɛ}} || '''e'''ver, l'''e'''mon, p'''e'''tal, r'''e'''collect <br />p'''e'''trol, d'''e'''bris&nbsp;{{small|(RP)}}, discr'''e'''tion || {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} cr'''e'''pe, su'''e'''de, ukul'''e'''le
|-
| {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} || abb'''e''', caf'''e'''&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}}, saut'''e''', s'''e'''ance, rod'''e'''o, d'''e'''ity &nbsp;{{small|(RP)}} || {{IPAc-en|ɛ}} y'''e'''ah&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |unstressed
| word-final || ∅ || {{Not a typo|disciplin}}'''e''', recit'''e'''s, smil'''e''', limitroph'''e'''|| {{IPAc-en|iː}} || recip'''e'''s, simil'''e''', apostroph'''e''', del'''e'''d || {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} latt'''e''', mor'''e'''s, proteg'''e'''<br /> {{IPAc-en|ɛ}} zanz'''e'''
|-
| before heterosyllabic vowel || {{IPAc-en|i}} || cr'''e'''ate, ar'''e'''a, ath'''e'''ism, vid'''e'''o || {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} || fid'''e'''ism, r'''e'''alpolitik ||
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|ɪ|,_|ə}} || mark'''e'''t, tick'''e'''t, hon'''e'''st, coll'''e'''ge,<br />box'''e'''s, perf'''e'''ct, '''e'''xpress, b'''e'''lieve || {{IPAc-en|ə}} || tak'''e'''n, dec'''e'''ncy, mom'''e'''nt || {{IPAc-en|ɛ}} cont'''e'''st, alphab'''e'''t, princ'''e'''ss
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''ea'''
| colspan="2" |in closed syllables
*before multiple consonants
|{{IPAc-en|ɛ}}
|dr'''ea'''mt, cl'''ea'''nse, w'''ea'''lth
|{{IPAc-en|iː}}<br/>{{IPAc-en|i|ə}}
|f'''ea'''st, y'''ea'''st<br />r'''ea'''lty, f'''ea'''lty
|{{IPAc-en|ɔː}} '''ea'''lderman<br />{{IPAc-en|æ}} pol'''ea'''x<br />{{IPAc-en|eɪ|.|ɑː}} s'''ea'''nce
|-
| colspan="2" |in open syllables
* before single consonant
* before cons. + {{vr|r}} + vowel<!--besides Keble, a proper name, there are no common words to follow the "rule" that ending with {{vr|e}} + cons. + le should be pronounced /iː/ "Treble" is common, but an "exception".-->
* final, only vowel in word
* before heterosyllabic vowel
|{{IPAc-en|iː}}
|r'''ea'''d (infinitive), l'''ea'''f, z'''ea'''l, dr'''ea'''ms, cl'''ea'''ns
|{{IPAc-en|ɛ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|eɪ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ə}}<br />{{IPAc-en|iː|ə|,_|ɪə}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ɪə}}<br />{{IPAc-en|iː|ə}}<br />{{IPAc-en|iː|.|eɪ}}
|r'''ea'''d (past simple), d'''ea'''f, z'''ea'''lot<br />br'''ea'''k, gr'''ea'''t, '''ea'''gre, y'''ea'''<br />hydrang'''ea''', lik'''ea'''ble, oc'''ea'''n<br />id'''ea'''l, r'''ea'''l, cer'''ea'''l<br />id'''ea'''<br />ur'''ea''', laur'''ea'''te<br />cr'''ea'''ting, prot'''ea'''se, r'''ea'''gent
|{{IPAc-en|ɑː}} org'''ea'''t <br />{{IPA|/ɛə/}} y'''ea'''h {{small|(RP)}}<br />{{IPAc-en|æ}} wher'''ea'''s <br />{{IPAc-en|iː|æ}} cav'''ea'''t <br />{{IPAc-en|ɪ}} mil'''ea'''ge <br />{{IPAc-en|iː|.|ɪ}} lin'''ea'''ge <br />{{IPAc-en|iː|æ}} b'''ea'''tify, r'''ea'''lity<br />{{IPAc-en|eɪ|ˈ|ɑː}} r'''ea'''l
|-
| colspan="3" | '''eau''' || {{IPAc-en|oʊ}} || bur'''eau''', plat'''eau''', tabl'''eau''' || {{IPAc-en|juː}} || b'''eau'''ty || {{IPAc-en|ɒ}} bur'''eau'''cracy<br />{{IPAc-en|ə}} bur'''eau'''crat
|-
| colspan="3" | '''ee''' || {{IPAc-en|iː}} || b'''ee''', br'''ee'''ch, f'''ee'''d, train'''ee''' || {{IPAc-en|ɪ}} || br'''ee'''ches, b'''ee'''n&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}}|| {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} matin'''ee''', fianc'''ee'''s, n'''ee'''<br />{{IPAc-en|i}} bung'''ee''', coff'''ee'''<br />{{IPAc-en|iː|.|ə}} fr'''ee'''st, w'''ee'''st<br />{{IPAc-en|iː|.|ɛ}} r'''ee'''cho, {{IPAc-en|iː|.|ɪ}} r'''ee'''lect<br />{{IPAc-en|ɛ}} thr'''ee'''pence (also {{IPAc-en|ɪ}} or {{IPAc-en|ʌ}})<!-- Longman has /ɛ/ as main pronunciation-->
|-
| colspan="3" |'''eh'''
|{{IPAc-en|eɪ}}
|'''eh''', pr'''eh'''nite, temp'''eh'''
|{{IPAc-en|ɛə}}
|y'''eh'''
|{{IPAc-en|ɛ}} f'''eh''' {{IPAc-en|ə}}, keffiy'''eh'''
|-
| rowspan="4" | '''ei''', '''ey'''
| colspan="2" |usually|| {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} || v'''ei'''l, w'''ei'''ght, h'''ei'''nous, ob'''ey''' || {{IPAc-en|iː}}<br />{{IPAc-en|aɪ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|iː|.|ɪ}}|| caff'''ein'''e, s'''ei'''ze, k'''ey''', g'''ey'''ser<br />'''ei'''ther, h'''ei'''ght, h'''ei'''st, h'''ei'''nie, '''ey'''e<br />alb'''ei'''t, b'''ei'''ng, cyst'''ei'''ne, d'''ei'''st || {{IPAc-en|ɛ}} h'''ei'''fer, l'''ei'''sure, s'''ei'''gneur<br />{{IPAc-en|æ}} rev'''ei'''lle<!-- /r|əˈvæ|li/ !-->, ser'''ei'''n<br />{{IPAc-en|eɪ|.|ɪ}} fid'''ei'''st, {{IPAc-en|i|ˈ|aɪ}} d'''ei'''ce
|-
| colspan="2" |after {{vr|c}} || {{IPAc-en|iː}} || dec'''ei'''ve, c'''ei'''ling, conc'''ei'''t || || || {{IPAc-en|æ}} c'''ei'''nture, enc'''ei'''nte<br />{{IPAc-en|eɪ|.|ɪ}} glac'''ei'''ng, {{IPAc-en|iː|.|ɪ}} haecc'''ei'''ty
|-
| rowspan="2" |unstressed
| word-final || {{IPAc-en|i}}<br />{{IPAc-en|iː}} || monk'''ey''', voll'''ey''', curts'''ey''', jers'''ey''' || || || {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} surv'''ey''' (n)
|-
| elsewhere|| {{IPAc-en|ɪ|,_|ə}} || for'''ei'''gn, counterf'''ei'''t, forf'''ei'''t || {{IPAc-en|ə}}<br />|| mull'''ei'''n, vill'''ei'''n<br />|| {{IPAc-en|ɪ}} ag'''ei'''st, her'''ei'''n, ogr'''ei'''sh
|-
| '''eo'''
| colspan="2" |usually bisyllabic|| {{IPAc-en|iː|.|ɒ}} <br />{{IPAc-en|iː|.|oʊ}} <br />{{IPAc-en|iː|ə}} || '''eo'''n, g'''eo'''logy, r'''eo'''ffer, tel'''eo'''st<br />cr'''eo'''le, g'''eo'''de, l'''eo'''nine, vid'''eo'''<br />gall'''eo'''n, l'''eo'''tard, p'''eo'''n, th'''eo'''ry || {{IPAc-en|ɛ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|iː}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ə}} || f'''eo'''ffee, j'''eo'''pardy, l'''eo'''pard<br />f'''eo'''ff, p'''eo'''ple <br />lunch'''eo'''n, pig'''eo'''n, embrac'''eo'''r ||{{IPAc-en|oʊ}} y'''eo'''man, {{IPAc-en|ɛə}} c'''eo'''rl <br />{{IPAc-en|juː}} f'''eo'''dary, {{IPAc-en|uː|i}} g'''eo'''duck<br />{{IPAc-en|eɪ|oʊ}} rod'''eo''', t'''eo'''sinte<br />{{IPAc-en|ɒ}} ther'''eo'''n<br />{{IPAc-en|ʌ}} wher'''eo'''f<br />{{IPAc-en|w|ʌ}} som'''eo'''ne
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''eu,''' '''ew''' '''(ieu,''' '''iew)'''
| colspan="2" |usually|| {{IPAc-en|juː}} || d'''eu'''ce, f'''eu'''dal, qu'''eu'''e, <br />d'''ew''', '''ewe''', vi'''ew'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɜː}}<br />{{IPAc-en|iː|ə}} || berc'''eu'''se, dans'''eu'''se<br />mus'''eu'''m || {{IPAc-en|oʊ}} s'''ew'''<br />∅ faut'''eu'''il
|-
| colspan="2" |after {{IPAc-en|r|,_|ʃ|,_|ʒ|,_|dʒ|,|l}}|| {{IPAc-en|uː}} || rh'''eu'''matism, sl'''eu'''th, j'''ew'''el, bl'''ew''', l'''eu'''kemia, l'''ew'''d, li'''eu'''|| {{IPAc-en|iː|ə}} || nucl'''eu'''s, pil'''eu'''s ||
{{IPAc-en|oʊ}} sh'''ew'''<br />{{IPAc-en|ɛ|f}} li'''eu'''tenant {{small|(RP)}}{{IPAc-en|j|ɜː}} mili'''eu''' {{small|(RP)}}<br />{{IPAc-en|iː|ˈ|j|uː}} r'''eu'''se<br />{{IPAc-en|iː|.|ʌ}} r'''eu'''tters<br />{{IPAc-en|ʌ}} pil'''eu'''p<br />
{{IPAc-en|ə}} wher'''eu'''pon<br />{{IPAc-en|ɔɪ}} Fr'''eu'''dian
|-
| rowspan="7" |'''i'''
| colspan="2" |in closed syllables
* before multiple consonants
* final vowel in worded
|| {{IPAc-en|ɪ}} || d'''i'''ssent, m'''i'''slaid, sl'''i'''ther <br />k'''i'''ss, s'''i'''c, b'''i'''t, infl'''i'''ct, h'''i'''nt, pl'''i'''nth || {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} || d'''i'''ssect, '''i'''sland, <br />ind'''i'''ct, p'''i'''nt, n'''i'''nth || {{IPAc-en|æ}} mer'''i'''ngue, t'''i'''mbre, abs'''i'''nthe (also {{IPAc-en|ɪ}})<br />{{IPAc-en|iː}} art'''i'''ste, chen'''i'''lle, sk'''i'''s, ch'''i'''c, ambergr'''i'''s
|-
| colspan="2" |
*bef. 2+ unstressed syllables
* next syllable contains {{IPAc-en|ɪ}}
* before cons. + {{vr|e, i}} + vowel
|{{IPAc-en|ɪ}}
|l'''i'''tany, l'''i'''beral, ch'''i'''valry, m'''i'''sery<br />f'''i'''nish,<br />l'''i'''mit, m'''i'''nute (n)<br />h'''i'''deous, pos'''i'''tion, S'''i'''rius
|{{IPAc-en|aɪ}}
|bl'''i'''thely, '''i'''rony, l'''i'''belous, r'''i'''valry, m'''i'''serly,<br />wh'''i'''tish, wr'''i'''ting, sh'''i'''nier, t'''i'''died
|
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |in open syllables
* before single consonant
* before cons. + -{{vr|le}} or {{vr|r}} + vowel
* before -{{vr|gh, gn}}
* word final
* before heterosyllabic vowel
| rowspan="2" |{{IPAc-en|aɪ}}
| rowspan="2" |c'''i'''ted, d'''i'''ve, m'''i'''ca, r'''i'''se, pol'''i'''te, sh'''i'''ne <br />'''i'''dle, tr'''i'''fle, n'''i'''trous, m'''i'''tres <br />s'''i'''ghed, s'''i'''gnage<br />alumn'''i''', alib'''i''', radi'''i''' <br />v'''i'''al, qu'''i'''et, pr'''i'''or, p'''i'''ous
|{{IPAc-en|ɪ}}
|c'''i'''ty, g'''i'''ve, v'''i'''car, r'''i'''sen <br />tr'''i'''ple, c'''i'''trus, g'''i'''blets <br />p'''i'''ghead, s'''i'''gnal
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|{{IPAc-en|iː}}
|sk'''i''', pol'''i'''ce, el'''i'''te, mach'''i'''ne, l'''i'''tres,<br />in v'''i'''tro, ch'''i'''gnon, Mons'''i'''gnor<br />cl'''i'''entele, f'''i'''at, l'''i'''en, sk'''i'''ing
|-
| colspan="2" |before -{{vr|nd, l|d}}
|{{IPAc-en|aɪ}}
|w'''i'''lder, rem'''i'''nd
|{{IPAc-en|ɪ}}
|bew'''i'''lder, resc'''i'''nd
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |unstressed
| before heterosyllabic vowel || {{IPAc-en|j}} ||on'''i'''on, min'''i'''on || {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} || b'''i'''ology, d'''i'''ameter ||∅ parl'''i'''ament, l'''i'''eu, nostalg'''i'''a<br />{{IPAc-en|i}} l'''i'''aison, al'''i'''en, rad'''i'''i, id'''i'''ot
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|ɪ|,_|ə}} || d'''i'''vide, perm'''i'''t (n), liv'''i'''d, typ'''i'''cal || {{IPAc-en|ə}} || g'''i'''raffe, penc'''i'''l, cous'''i'''n, Chesh'''i'''re || ∅ bus'''i'''ness<br />{{IPAc-en|aɪ}} d'''i'''rector, m'''i'''nute (adj)<br />{{IPAc-en|aɪə}} sapph'''i'''re
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''{{not a typo|ie}}'''
| colspan="2" |word-finally|| {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} || bel'''ie''', d'''ie''', unt'''ie''', v'''ie''' || {{IPAc-en|i}} || goal'''ie''', old'''ie''', aunt'''ie''', mov'''ie''' || {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} linger'''ie'''&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}}, {{IPAc-en|i|eɪ}} kyr'''ie'''
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere|| {{IPAc-en|iː}} || f'''ie'''ld, s'''ie'''ge, rab'''ie'''s, sk'''ie'''d|| {{IPAc-en|aɪ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|aɪə}} <br />{{IPAc-en|i|ə}} to {{IPAc-en|j|ə}}<br />{{IPAc-en|i|ˈ|ɛ}} || all'''ie'''d, p'''ie'''d, sk'''ie'''s <br />cl'''ie'''nt, d'''ie'''t, sc'''ie'''nce, sl'''ie'''st<br />amb'''ie'''nt, al'''ie'''n, or'''ie'''l, ugl'''ie'''st<br />or'''ie'''nt (v), acqu'''ie'''sce
|| {{IPAc-en|ɪ}} s'''ie'''ve, misch'''ie'''f, kerch'''ie'''f<br />{{IPAc-en|ɛ}} fr'''ie'''nd, hyg'''ie'''nic&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}} <br />{{IPAc-en|aɪ|ˈ|ɛ}} b'''ie'''nnial <br />{{IPAc-en|aɪ|iː}} d'''ie'''ne<br />{{IPAc-en|iː|.|ɒ}} cl'''ie'''ntele<br />{{IPAc-en|i|ˈ|iː}} med'''ie'''val<br /> {{IPAc-en|iː|ə}} l'''ie'''n
|-
| rowspan="4" | '''o'''
| colspan="2" |in closed syllables
* before multiple consonants
* final vowel in word
|| {{IPAc-en|ɒ}} || d'''o'''ctor, b'''o'''ther, d'''o'''nkey<br />d'''o'''t, b'''o'''mb, w'''o'''nk, f'''o'''nt || {{IPAc-en|ʌ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ}}|| w'''o'''n, m'''o'''nkey, fr'''o'''nt<br />gr'''o'''ss, c'''o'''mb, w'''o'''nted, b'''o'''th ||{{IPAc-en|uː}} t'''o'''mb, w'''o'''mb<br />{{IPAc-en|ʊ}} w'''o'''lf<br />{{IPAc-en|w|ʌ}} '''o'''nce<br />{{IPAc-en|ɔː}}&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}} l'''o'''ng, br'''o'''th
|-
| colspan="2" |
*bef. 2+ unstressed syllables
* next syllable contains {{IPAc-en|ɪ}}
|{{IPAc-en|ɒ}}
|'''o'''pera, c'''o'''lonise, b'''o'''tany<br />t'''o'''pic, s'''o'''lid, pr'''o'''mise
|{{IPAc-en|oʊ}}
|br'''o'''kenly, pr'''o'''bity, dipl'''o'''macy<br />mei'''o'''sis, aer'''o'''bic
|
|-
| colspan="2" |in open syllables
* before single consonant
* before cons. + -{{vr|le}} or {{vr|r}} + vowel
* word-final
* before heterosyllabic vowel<br />(inc. unstressed)
|| {{IPAc-en|oʊ}} || '''o'''men, gr'''o'''ve, t'''o'''tal<br />n'''o'''ble, c'''o'''bra<br />banj'''o''', g'''o'''<br />b'''o'''a, p'''o'''et, st'''o'''ic<br />c'''o'''operate, pr'''o'''active || {{IPAc-en|ɒ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|uː}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʌ}} || pr'''o'''per, g'''o'''ne, sh'''o'''ne&nbsp;{{small|(RP)}}<br />t'''o''', wh'''o''', m'''o'''ve, d'''o'''able<br />c'''o'''me, l'''o'''ve, d'''o'''ne, c'''o'''lander || {{IPAc-en|ʊ}} w'''o'''man, b'''o'''som <br />{{IPAc-en|ɪ}} w'''o'''men<br />{{IPAc-en|w|ʌ}} '''o'''ne<br />∅ col'''o'''nel, choc'''o'''late
|-
| colspan="2" |unstressed|| {{IPAc-en|ə}} || el'''o'''quent, want'''o'''n, purp'''o'''se, Eur'''o'''pe || || || {{IPAc-en|ɒ}} neur'''o'''n, prot'''o'''n<br />{{IPAc-en|ɪ|,_|ə}} hydr'''o'''gen
|-
| colspan="3" | '''oa''' || {{IPAc-en|oʊ}} || b'''oa'''t, c'''oa'''l, l'''oa'''d, c'''oa'''xing ||{{IPAc-en|oʊ|.|ə}}<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|æ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|ˈ|eɪ}}||b'''oa''', inch'''oa'''te<br />c'''oa'''xial, ogd'''oa'''d<br />'''oa'''sis, cl'''oa'''ca|| {{IPAc-en|ɔː}} br'''oa'''d<br />{{IPAc-en|uː|ə}} d'''oa'''ble<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|ˈ|ɑː}} k'''oa'''la<br />{{IPAc-en|w|ɑː}} quin'''oa'''
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''oe'''
| colspan="2" |usually
|| {{IPAc-en|iː}} || am'''oe'''ba, c'''oe'''lacanth, f'''oe'''tal, ph'''oe'''nix
|| {{IPAc-en|oʊ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|uː}} <br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|ˈ|ɛ}} || d'''oe'''skin, w'''oe'''ful <br />sh'''oe'''lace, can'''oe'''ing<br />p'''oe'''tic, s'''oe'''ver, orth'''oe'''pic<br />
|| {{IPAc-en|ɛ}} f'''oe'''tid, r'''oe'''ntgen <!-- acc. to Oxford dictionary; acc. to Cambridge and Longman uniquely /r|ɒ|ntgən/ --><br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|ˈ|iː}} c'''oe'''val, n'''oe'''sis<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|ˈ|ɜː}} c'''oe'''rce<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|.|ə}} p'''oe'''try, orth'''oe'''py
|-
| colspan="2" |last vowel in word
|| {{IPAc-en|oʊ}} ||f'''oe''', g'''oe'''s, t'''oe'''d, w'''oe'''
|| {{IPAc-en|uː}}<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|ɛ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|.|ə}}<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|.|ɪ|,_|oʊ|.|ə}}|| sh'''oe'''s, can'''oe''' <br />c'''oe'''d, n'''oe'''l, phl'''oe'''m<br />g'''oe'''r <br />l'''oe'''ss, p'''oe'''m
|| {{IPAc-en|ʌ}} d'''oe'''s<br />{{IPAc-en|uː|ə}} d'''oe'''th, d'''oe'''r<br />{{IPAc-en|ɜː}} f'''oe'''hn <br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|iː}} dipl'''oe''', kalanch'''oe'''
|-
| colspan="2" |unstressed|| {{IPAc-en|ɪ}} || '''oe'''dema, '''oe'''sophagus || {{IPAc-en|oʊ}} || al'''oe''', ech'''oe'''d, ob'''oe'''s, sol'''oe'''d|| {{IPAc-en|uː}} hoop'''oe'''
|-
| colspan="3" | '''oeu''' || {{IPAc-en|uː}} || man'''oeu'''vre || || || {{IPAc-en|ɜː|r}} hors d''''oeu'''vre
|-
|'''oh'''
| colspan="2" |final or before a consonant|| {{IPAc-en|oʊ}} || '''oh''', k'''oh'''lrabi, '''oh'''m, phara'''oh''' || {{IPAc-en|ɒ}} || J'''oh'''n, j'''oh'''nny || {{IPAc-en|ɔː}} b'''oh'''rium<br />{{IPAc-en|ə}} matz'''oh'''
|-
| colspan="3" | '''oi'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɔɪ}} || b'''oi'''ng, m'''oi'''st, c'''oi'''n, env'''oi'''
|| {{IPAc-en|oʊ|ɪ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|w|ɑː}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ə}} || g'''oi'''ng, eg'''oi'''st, her'''oi'''n, st'''oi'''c<br />bourge'''oi'''s, c'''oi'''ffeur, pat'''oi'''s<br />conn'''oi'''sseur, porp'''oi'''se, tort'''oi'''se
|| {{IPAc-en|uː|ɪ}} d'''oi'''ng<br />{{IPAc-en|w|æ}} cr'''oi'''ssant&nbsp;{{small|(RP)}}<br />{{IPAc-en|i}} cham'''oi'''s<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|aɪ}} ghett'''oi'''se, or'''oi'''de
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''oo'''
| colspan="2" |usually|| {{IPAc-en|uː}} || c'''oo'''l, s'''oo'''th, b'''oo'''t, g'''oo'''sebumps || {{IPAc-en|ʊ}} || w'''oo'''l, s'''oo'''t, f'''oo'''t, g'''oo'''seberry || {{IPAc-en|oʊ}} br'''oo'''ch<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|.|ɒ}} c'''oo'''pt, z'''oo'''logy
|-
| colspan="2" |before {{vr|k, d}} || {{IPAc-en|ʊ}} || c'''oo'''k, sh'''oo'''k, w'''oo'''d, st'''oo'''d || {{IPAc-en|uː}} || k'''oo'''k, sp'''oo'''k, f'''oo'''d, br'''oo'''d || {{IPAc-en|ʌ}} fl'''oo'''d, bl'''oo'''d
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''ou'''
| colspan="2" |
*before single consonant
* before cons. + -{{vr|le}} or {{vr|r}} + vowel
* before -{{vr|nd, ld, gh, gn}}
* word final
* before heterosyllabic vowel
|{{IPAc-en|aʊ}}
|'''ou'''t, al'''ou'''d, b'''ou'''gh
|{{IPAc-en|uː}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʌ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ}}
|s'''ou'''p, y'''ou''', thr'''ou'''gh<br />t'''ou'''ch<br />s'''ou'''l, d'''ou'''gh
|{{IPAc-en|juː}} {{small|(GA)}}: amp'''ou'''le, c'''ou'''pon
|-
| colspan="2" |
*before multiple consonants
* final vowel in word
* bef. 2+ unstressed syllables
* next syllable contains {{IPAc-en|ɪ}}
* before cons. + {{vr|e, i}} + vowel
|{{IPAc-en|ʊ}}
|c'''ou'''ld, sh'''ou'''ld
|{{IPAc-en|ʌ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ}}
|tr'''ou'''ble, c'''ou'''ntry<br />b'''ou'''lder
|{{IPAc-en|ɒ}} c'''ou'''gh, f'''ou'''nt (printing)
|-
| colspan="2" |unstressed|| {{IPAc-en|ə}} || cam'''ou'''flage, lab'''ou'''r, nerv'''ou'''s || {{IPAc-en|ʊ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʊə}}|| biv'''ou'''ac, bed'''ou'''in, potp'''ou'''rri <br />det'''ou'''r, f'''our'''chette || {{IPAc-en|ʌ}} hicc'''ou'''gh<br />{{IPAc-en|w}} ratat'''ou'''ille, '''ou'''abaine
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''ow'''
| colspan="2" |stressed|| {{IPAc-en|aʊ}} || '''ow'''l, b'''ow''', r'''ow''', s'''ow''', all'''ow''' || {{IPAc-en|oʊ}} || '''ow'''n, b'''ow''', r'''ow''', s'''ow''', al'''ow''' || {{IPAc-en|ɒ}} ackn'''ow'''ledge<br />{{IPAc-en|ɒ}} or {{IPAc-en|ʌ}} r'''ow'''lock
|-
| colspan="2" |unstressed|| {{IPAc-en|oʊ}} || yell'''ow''', teab'''ow'''l, land'''ow'''ner || {{IPAc-en|aʊ}} || peaf'''ow'''l, sund'''ow'''ner || {{IPAc-en|ə|w}} cass'''ow'''ary, t'''ow'''ard&nbsp;{{small|(RP)}}
|-
| colspan="3" | '''oy''' || {{IPAc-en|ɔɪ}} || b'''oy''', d'''oy'''enne, f'''oy'''er, v'''oy'''age || {{IPAc-en|w|aɪ}} || v'''oy'''eur, n'''oy'''ade || {{IPAc-en|oʊ|j}} '''oy'''ez<br />{{IPAc-en|aɪ}} c'''oy'''ote&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}}<br />{{IPAc-en|i}} bu'''oy'''&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | '''u'''
| colspan="2" |in closed syllables
* before multiple consonants
* final vowel in word
|| {{IPAc-en|ʌ}}
|| b'''u'''dding, c'''u'''ckold, m'''u'''llet<br />b'''u'''t, g'''u'''ll, f'''u'''ss || {{IPAc-en|ʊ}} || p'''u'''dding, c'''u'''ckoo, b'''u'''llet, p'''u'''t, f'''u'''ll, p'''u'''ss || {{IPAc-en|uː}} r'''u'''thless, br'''u'''t<br />{{IPAc-en|juː}} b'''u'''tte, deb'''u'''t, f'''u'''chsia, t'''u'''lle
|-
| colspan="2" |in open syllables
* before single consonant
* before cons. + -{{vr|le}} or {{vr|r}} + vowel
* before heterosyllabic vowel
* word-final
|| {{IPAc-en|juː}}|| m'''u'''te, st'''u'''dent, p'''u'''ny, '''u'''nion, f'''u'''ses<br />b'''u'''gle, h'''u'''bris, n'''u'''trient&nbsp;{{small|(RP)}}<br />d'''u'''o, n'''u'''ance, purs'''u'''ant, ens'''u'''ing<br />men'''u''', em'''u''', imprompt'''u'''&nbsp;{{small|(RP)}} || {{IPAc-en|ʌ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|uː}} || st'''u'''dy, p'''u'''nish, b'''u'''nion, b'''u'''ses<br />b'''u'''tler, c'''u'''tlery, s'''u'''brogate<br />s'''u'''per, l'''u'''nar, absol'''u'''te, revol'''u'''tion <br />s'''u'''et, l'''u'''crative, lug'''u'''brious<br />hind'''u''', t'''u'''t'''u''', tof'''u''', tr'''u'''th || {{IPAc-en|ɪ}} b'''u'''sy, b'''u'''siness
|-
| colspan="2" |in open syllables after {{IPAc-en|r|,_|ʃ|,_|ʒ|,_|j}}, or cons. + {{IPAc-en|l}}
*before single consonant
* before cons. + -{{vr|le}} or {{vr|r}} + vowel
* before heterosyllabic vowel
* word-final
| {{IPAc-en|uː}} || r'''u'''le, ch'''u'''te, J'''u'''ne, recl'''u'''ses <br />scr'''u'''ples, r'''u'''bric <br />tr'''u'''ant, fl'''u'''ent, cr'''u'''elty <br />fl'''u''', gur'''u''' || {{IPAc-en|juː}} || over'''u'''se, under'''u'''sed || {{IPAc-en|ʌ}} r'''u'''naway, tr'''u'''culent, cl'''u'''broom<br />{{IPAc-en|ʊ}} s'''u'''gar
|-
| rowspan="2" |after {{vr|g}}
| before {{vr|e, i, y}} || ∅ || g'''u'''est, g'''u'''ide, vag'''u'''er || {{IPAc-en|w}} || seg'''u'''e, disting'''u'''ish || {{IPAc-en|juː}} ambig'''u'''ity
|-
|before {{vr|a, o}}
|{{IPAc-en|w}}
|lang'''u'''age
|∅
|g'''u'''ard, lang'''u'''or
|{{IPAc-en|juː}} jag'''u'''ar&nbsp;{{small|(RP)}}
|-
| colspan="2" |after {{vr|q}} || {{IPAc-en|w}} || q'''u'''ail, conq'''u'''est, banq'''u'''et, q'''u'''ite || ∅ || q'''u'''ay, conq'''u'''er, bouq'''u'''et, mosq'''u'''ito ||
|-
| colspan="2" |unstressed
| {{IPAc-en|ə}}
| s'''u'''pport, ind'''u'''stry, usef'''u'''l, medi'''u'''m
| {{IPAc-en|juː}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʌ}} || deb'''u'''t<br />g'''u'''ffaw, '''u'''nruly, '''u'''pend, v'''u'''lgarity || {{IPAc-en|ɪ|,_|ə}} min'''u'''te, lett'''u'''ce<!--<br />∅ nat'''u'''ral Acc. to Longman "u" is an optional "ə" (though it makes a syllable), but the same counts for may words, like all ending with "-ful". A true silent "u" would result in the unnatural /nætr|əl/.-->
|-
| rowspan="4" | '''ue'''
| rowspan="2" |after {{vr|g}}||word final
| ∅ || leag'''ue''', tong'''ue''' || {{IPAc-en|juː}} || ag'''ue''' || {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} mereng'''ue''', {{IPAc-en|i}} deng'''ue'''
|-
|word medial
|{{IPAc-en|ɛ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ə}}
|g'''ue'''st, g'''ue'''ssed, bag'''ue'''tte <br />g'''ue'''rrilla, beleag'''ue'''red
|∅
{{IPAc-en|juː}}
|vag'''ue'''ly, intrig'''ue'''d
arg'''ue'''d
|{{IPAc-en|w|eɪ}} seg'''ue'''d, {{IPAc-en|w|ɛ}} g'''ue'''non <br />{{IPAc-en|w|ə}} ung'''ue'''nt, {{IPAc-en|w|iː}} ung'''ue'''s <br />{{IPAc-en|juː|ə}} arg'''ue'''r<br />{{IPAc-en|iː}} Portug'''ue'''se
|-
| colspan="2" |after {{vr|r}}, or cons. + {{vr|l}}
|| {{IPAc-en|uː}} || tr'''ue''', cl'''ue''', gr'''ue'''some, bl'''ue'''s || {{IPAc-en|uː|ə}} || infl'''ue'''nce, cr'''ue'''l, fl'''ue'''nt, bl'''ue'''st || {{IPAc-en|uː|.|ɪ}} cr'''ue'''t, {{IPAc-en|uː|ɛ}} infl'''ue'''ntial
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere (except after {{vr|q}}) || {{IPAc-en|juː}} || virt'''ue''', c'''ue''', val'''ue'''d, h'''ue''', m'''ue'''sli || {{IPAc-en|juː|ə}} <br />{{IPAc-en|juː|ɛ}} <br />{{IPAc-en|uː}}<br />{{IPAc-en|uː|ə}} || f'''ue'''l, constit'''ue'''nt, resc'''ue'''r <br />inn'''ue'''ndo, stat'''ue'''sque, min'''ue'''t <br />S'''ue''', snaf'''ue'''d (<small>GA:</small> d'''ue''', reven'''ue''')<br /><small>GA:</small> d'''ue'''l, purs'''ue'''r || {{IPAc-en|uː|.|ɪ}} s'''ue'''t, {{IPAc-en|uː|ɛ}} m'''ue'''zz|in <br />{{IPAc-en|juː|iː}} ten'''ue'''s, {{IPAc-en|j|uː|eɪ}} habit'''ue''' <br />{{IPAc-en|j|ʊə}} p'''ue'''rile, {{IPAc-en|ʊ}} m'''ue'''nster <!--an American cheese --><br />{{IPAc-en|w|eɪ}} s'''ue'''de, Venez'''ue'''lan<br />{{IPAc-en|w|ɛ}} p'''ue'''blo, {{IPAc-en|w|ɪ}} des'''ue'''tude
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''ui'''
| colspan="2" |after {{vr|g}}|| {{IPAc-en|ɪ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|aɪ}} || g'''ui'''ld, g'''ui'''tar, intrig'''ui'''ng, rog'''ui'''sh
g'''ui'''de, g'''ui'''se, beg'''ui'''le
| {{IPAc-en|w|ɪ}}|| ang'''ui'''sh, peng'''ui'''n, ling'''ui'''st, sang'''ui'''ne
| {{IPAc-en|iː}} beg'''ui'''ne, {{IPAc-en|w|iː}} ling'''ui'''ne <br />{{IPAc-en|juː|ɪ}} arg'''ui'''ng, ag'''ui'''sh, contig'''ui'''ty
|-
| colspan="2" |after {{vr|j, r}} or cons. + {{vr|l}} || {{IPAc-en|uː}} || j'''ui'''ce, cr'''ui'''se, sl'''ui'''ce, fr'''ui'''ting || {{IPAc-en|uː|ɪ}}|| fr'''ui'''tion, fl'''ui'''d, r'''ui'''n, dr'''ui'''d, tr'''ui'''sm, incongr'''ui'''ty || {{IPAc-en|uː|.|j}} allel'''ui'''a <br />{{IPAc-en|ʊ}} Cr'''ui'''ckshank
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere (except after {{vr|q}}) || {{IPAc-en|juː|ɪ}} <br />{{IPAc-en|ɪ}} || cond'''ui'''t, c'''ui'''ng, gen'''ui'''ne, <br />B'''ui'''ck, circ'''ui'''tous, Jes'''ui'''t<br />b'''ui'''ld, circ'''ui'''t, bisc'''ui'''t, purs'''ui'''vant || {{IPAc-en|uː}} <br />{{IPAc-en|juː|ə}} <br />{{IPAc-en|juː}} <br />{{IPAc-en|uː|ɪ}} || s'''ui'''t, s'''ui'''table, n'''ui'''sance&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}} <br />int'''ui'''tive&nbsp;{{small|(RP)}}, promisc'''ui'''ty <br />n'''ui'''sance&nbsp;{{small|(RP)}}, p'''ui'''sne <br />s'''ui'''cide, t'''ui''', In'''ui'''t, Hind'''ui'''sm || {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} d'''ui'''ker, {{IPAc-en|ə}} circ'''ui'''try <br />{{IPAc-en|w|ɪ}} c'''ui'''sine, s'''ui'''nt <br />{{IPAc-en|w|iː}} s'''ui'''te, enn'''ui''', t'''ui'''lle <br />{{IPAc-en|uː|aɪ}} s'''ui''' generis<br />{{IPAc-en|w|eɪ}} feng sh'''ui'''
|-
| colspan="3" | '''uu''' || {{IPAc-en|j|u|.|ə}} || contin'''uu'''m, resid'''uu'''m || {{IPAc-en|u|.|ə}} || menstr'''uu'''m || {{IPAc-en|(|j|)|uː|ʌ}} d'''uu'''mvir<br />{{IPAc-en|juː}} vac'''uu'''m<br />{{IPAc-en|uː}} m'''uu'''m'''uu'''
|-
| colspan="3" | '''uy''' || {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} || b'''uy''', b'''uy'''out, g'''uy'''ed || {{IPAc-en|iː}}<br />{{IPAc-en|w|i}} || g'''uy'''ot, cliq'''uy''', plag'''uy'''<br />obseq'''uy''', soliloq'''uy''' || {{IPAc-en|j|ʊ|ɪ}} tol'''uy'''l<br />{{IPAc-en|uː|j}} th'''uy'''a, gr'''uy'''ere<br />{{IPAc-en|w|iː}} p'''uy'''<br />{{IPAc-en|w|iː|j}} t'''uy'''ere
|-
| colspan="3" | '''w''' || || || {{IPAc-en|uː}}|| c'''w'''m||
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''y'''
| colspan="2" |
* before multiple consonants
* bef. 2+ unstressed syllables
* next syllable contains {{IPAc-en|ɪ}}
|| {{IPAc-en|ɪ}} || m'''y'''th, cr'''y'''ptic, s'''y'''stem, s'''y'''mbol<br />c'''y'''linder, t'''y'''pical, p'''y'''ramid, d'''y'''nasty <br />c'''y'''nic, l'''y'''ric, l'''y'''tic, s'''y'''ringe || {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} || c'''y'''clone, h'''y'''phen, ps'''y'''che, p'''y'''thon<br />h'''y'''drogen, d'''y'''nasty&nbsp;{{small|(GA)}}<br />c'''y'''clist, h'''y'''brid, ps'''y'''chic, t'''y'''pist||
|-
| colspan="2" |
* before single consonant
* before cons. + -{{vr|le}} or {{vr|r}} + vowel
* word-final
|| {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} || t'''y'''ping, st'''y'''le, paral'''y'''ze, n'''y'''lon<br />c'''y'''cle, c'''y'''press, h'''y'''drate, l'''y'''cra<br />awr'''y''', b'''y''', den'''y''', sk'''y''', suppl'''y''' || {{IPAc-en|ɪ}} || b'''y'''zantine, s'''y'''nod, s'''y'''nagogue, <br />C'''y'''priote, s'''y'''cophantic||
|-
| rowspan="2" |unstressed
| word-final || {{IPAc-en|i}} || an'''y''', cit'''y''', happ'''y''', onl'''y''', suppl'''y'''&nbsp;<small>(adv)</small> || || || {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} all'''y'''&nbsp;<small>(n)</small>
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|ɪ}} || bic'''y'''cle, ox'''y'''gen, pol'''y'''mer,<br />d'''y'''slexia, ph'''y'''sique, s'''y'''nonymous || {{IPAc-en|ə}} <br />{{IPAc-en|aɪ}}<br />{{IPAc-en|i}} || sib'''y'''l, p'''y'''jamas <br />d'''y'''namics, h'''y'''pothesis, t'''y'''phoon <br />an'''y'''way, ever'''y'''thing||
|}
{{notelist-lr}}

=== Combinations of vowel letters and ⟨r⟩ ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="3" | Spelling || Major value<br />([[Help:IPA/English|IPA]]) || Examples of major value || Minor values<br />([[Help:IPA/English|IPA]]) || Examples of minor value || Exceptions
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''ar'''
| rowspan="3" |before a vowel
|next syllable contains {{nowrap|{{IPAc-en|ɪ|,_|ə}} within the same morpheme}} || {{IPAc-en|ær}} || app'''ar'''ent, '''ar'''id, gu'''ar'''antee, m'''ar'''iners, p'''ar'''ish || {{IPAc-en|ɛər}} || p'''ar'''ent, g'''ar'''ish ||
|-
| followed by a morpheme boundary || {{IPAc-en|ɛər}} || c'''ar'''er, sc'''ar'''y, sh'''ar'''ing, r'''ar'''ity || {{IPAc-en|ær}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ɑːr}} || comp'''ar'''able, comp'''ar'''ative<br />f'''ar'''away, ts'''ar'''ist ||
|-
|otherwise
|| {{IPAc-en|ɛər}} || '''ar'''ea, c'''ar'''e, ph'''ar'''oah, v'''ar'''y, w'''ar'''iness || {{IPAc-en|ɑːr}} || '''ar'''ia, '''ar'''e, saf'''ar'''is  || {{IPAc-en|ɒr}} qu'''ar'''antine, w'''ar'''atah
|-
| rowspan="3" |elsewhere ||stressed || {{IPAc-en|ɑːr}} || '''ar'''gyle, c'''ar''', f'''ar'''ce || || || {{IPAc-en|ɛər}} sc'''ar'''ce<br />{{IPAc-en|ær}} s'''ar'''saparilla&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small><br />{{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} dh'''ar'''na
|-
|after {{IPAc-en|w}}
|{{IPAc-en|ɔːr}}
|w'''ar''', aw'''ar'''d, dw'''ar'''f, w'''ar'''ning, qu'''ar'''ter
|
|
|
|-
| unstressed || {{IPAc-en|ər}} || circul'''ar''', pill'''ar''' || || ||
|-
| colspan="3" | '''aer'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɛər}} || '''aer'''ial, '''aer'''oplane || {{IPAc-en|ɪər}} || chim'''aer'''a || {{IPAc-en|ər}} an'''aer'''obe
|-
| colspan="3" | '''air'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɛər}} || c'''air'''n, million'''air'''e, d'''air'''y || || || {{IPAc-en|aɪər}} het'''air'''a<br />{{IPAc-en|aɪ|'|ɪər}} z'''air'''e
|-
| colspan="3" | '''aor'''|| {{IPAc-en|eɪ|'|ɔːr}}|| '''aor'''ta|| {{IPAc-en|aʊ|.|r}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ɔːr}}|| M'''aor'''i<br />extr'''aor'''dinary ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''arr'''
| colspan="2" |before a spoken vowel || {{IPAc-en|ær}} || m'''arr'''y, b'''arr'''el, '''arr'''ow, b'''arr'''en, c'''arr'''ot || {{IPAc-en|ɑːr}} || st'''arr'''y, b'''arr'''ing ||
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|ɑːr}} ||sc'''arr'''ed, P'''arr''' || || ||
|-
| colspan="3" | '''aur'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɔːr}}|| dinos'''aur''', '''aur'''al, '''aur'''a, L'''aur'''a || {{IPAc-en|ɒr}}|| l'''aur'''el, L'''aur'''ence ||
|-
| colspan="3" | '''awer'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɔː|.|ər}}|| gn'''awer''', r'''awer''', th'''awer'''|| || || {{IPAc-en|ɔːr}} dr'''awer'''
|-
| colspan="3" | '''ayer''', '''ayor'''|| {{IPAc-en|eɪ|.|ər}} || l'''ayer''', m'''ayor''', sooths'''ayer'''|| || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''er'''
| colspan="2" |before a vowel|| {{IPAc-en|ɪər}} || h'''er'''e, s'''er'''ies, qu'''er'''y, m'''er'''ely || {{IPAc-en|ɛər}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ɛr}}<br />{{IPAc-en|iː|'|r}}|| comp'''er'''e, th'''er'''e, w'''er'''ewolf<br />d'''er'''elict, h'''er'''esy, p'''er'''ish, v'''er'''y<br />d'''er'''ail, r'''er'''emind || {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} w'''er'''e, w'''er'''egild
|-
| rowspan="2" |elsewhere
|stressed|| {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} || h'''er''', j'''er'''k, co'''er'''ced, m'''er'''chant || {{IPAc-en|ɛər}} || b'''er'''ceuse || {{IPAc-en|ɑːr}} cl'''er'''k, s'''er'''geant<br />
|-
|unstressed
|{{IPAc-en|ər}}
|start'''er''', few'''er''', Berb'''er''', argu'''er''', show'''er'''
|{{IPAc-en|eɪ}} (or {{IPAc-en|ər}})
|dossi'''er''', foy'''er'''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''ear'''
| rowspan="2" | before a consonant || before a morpheme boundary || {{IPAc-en|ɪər}} || d'''ear'''ly, f'''ear'''less, t'''ear'''ful, y'''ear'''ling || {{IPAc-en|ɛər}} || b'''ear'''skin, sw'''ear'''word || {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} h'''ear'''d
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} || p'''ear'''ly, h'''ear'''se, y'''ear'''ning, '''ear'''th || {{IPAc-en|ɑːr}} || h'''ear'''ken, h'''ear'''ty, h'''ear'''th || {{IPAc-en|ɪər}} b'''ear'''d, p'''ear'''t <br />{{IPAc-en|eɪ|.|ər}} b'''ear'''naise<br />{{IPAc-en|i|'|ɑːr}} r'''ear'''m
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere|| {{IPAc-en|ɪər}} || f'''ear''',  y'''ear''', app'''ear''', h'''ear'''ing, || {{IPAc-en|ɛər}} <br />{{IPAc-en|iː|.|ər}}|| p'''ear''', b'''ear'''ish, w'''ear'''ing <br />lin'''ear''', nucl'''ear''', st'''ear'''in||  <!--derived term--><br />{{IPAc-en|iː|'|r}} t'''ear'''oom
|-
| colspan="3" | '''eer'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɪər}} || ch'''eer'''ing, b'''eer''', '''eer'''{{not a typo|ie}} || {{IPAc-en|iː|ər}} || fr'''eer''', s'''eer'''s ||
|-
| colspan="3" | '''eir'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɛər}} || h'''eir''', mad'''eir'''a, th'''eir''' || {{IPAc-en|ɪər}} || w'''eir'''d, w'''eir''', '''eyr'''ie || {{IPAc-en|aɪər}} on'''eir'''ic, '''eir'''enic
|-
| colspan="3" | '''eor'''|| {{IPAc-en|i|ɔːr}}|| d'''eor'''bit, r'''eor'''ganise || {{IPAc-en|ɪər}}|| th'''eor'''y
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''err'''
| colspan="2" |before a spoken vowel || {{IPAc-en|ɛr}} || '''err'''or, m'''err'''y, t'''err'''ible, h'''err'''ing, f'''err'''et || {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} || ref'''err'''ing ||
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} ||'''err''', pref'''err'''ed || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''eur'''
| colspan="2" |after {{IPAc-en|r|,_|ʃ|,_|ʒ|,_|j}}, cons. + {{IPAc-en|l}}
|{{IPAc-en|ʊər}}
|pl'''eur'''isy
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|j|ʊər}} || '''eur'''o, liqu'''eur''', n'''eur'''al|| {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} || mass'''eur''', voy'''eur''' || {{IPAc-en|iː|.|ɜːr}} th'''eur'''gy
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''ir'''
| rowspan="2" |before a spoken vowel
| usually || {{IPAc-en|aɪr}} || p'''ir'''ate, v'''ir'''us, '''ir'''is, sp'''ir'''al || {{IPAc-en|ɪr}} || m'''ir'''age, v'''ir'''ile, '''ir'''idescent, sp'''ir'''it ||
|-
| derived from a word with silent {{angbr|e}} following || {{IPAc-en|aɪər}} || w'''ir'''able, asp'''ir'''ing || ||  ||
|-
| colspan="2" |before silent {{angbr|e}}|| {{IPAc-en|aɪər}} || h'''ir'''e, f'''ir'''es, m'''ir'''ed  || ||  ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |elsewhere
|stressed|| {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} || b'''ir'''d, f'''ir''' || || || {{IPAc-en|ɪər}} menh'''ir'''
|-
|unstressed
|{{IPAc-en|ər}}
|elix'''ir''', kef'''ir''', triumv'''ir'''
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="3" | '''ier'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɪər}} || cash'''ier''', f'''ier'''ce, front'''ier''', p'''ier'''|| {{IPAc-en|aɪər}} <br />{{IPAc-en|i|ər}}|| sh'''ier''', f'''ier'''y, h'''ier'''archy, pl'''ier'''<br />bus'''ier''', rap'''ier''', glac'''ier''', hos'''ier'''y
|| {{IPAc-en|i|.|ɛər}} conc'''ier'''ge, prem'''ier'''e<br />{{IPAc-en|i|eɪ}} atel'''ier''', bust'''ier''', doss'''ier'''<br />{{IPAc-en|iː|ər}} sk'''ier'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''irr'''
| colspan="2" |before a spoken vowel || {{IPAc-en|ɪr}} || m'''irr'''or, squ'''irr'''el, c'''irr'''us, t'''irr'''et || {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}}|| st'''irr'''er ||
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} || wh'''irr'''ed || || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''or'''
| colspan="2" |after {{Vr|w}}|| {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} || w'''or'''d, w'''or'''k, w'''or'''st || {{IPAc-en|ɔːr}} ||w'''or'''n, sw'''or'''d, sw'''or'''e ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |elsewhere
|stressed|| {{IPAc-en|ɔːr}} || f'''or'''d, b'''or'''ing, m'''or'''e || {{IPAc-en|ɒr}} || f'''or'''est, m'''or'''al<!-- not distinct in GA-->|| {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} wh'''or'''l<br />{{IPAc-en|ʌr}} b'''or'''ough<br />∅ comf'''or'''table
|-
|unstressed
|{{IPAc-en|ər}}
|gladiat'''or''', maj'''or''', equat'''or'''
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="3" | '''oar'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɔːr}} || b'''oar''', c'''oar'''se, keyb'''oar'''d, s'''oar'''ing || || || {{IPAc-en|ər}} cupb'''oar'''d, starb'''oar'''d<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|ˈ|ɑːr}} c'''oar'''ctate
|-
| colspan="3" | '''oer'''|| {{IPAc-en|oʊ|.|ər}}|| partyg'''oer''', forg'''oer''' || {{IPAc-en|uː|.|ər}}|| und'''oer''', can'''oer''' ||{{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} '''oer'''sted
|-
| colspan="3" | '''oir'''|| {{IPAc-en|w|ɑːr}} || reserv'''oir''', mem'''oir''', m'''oir'''e, s'''oir'''ee || {{IPAc-en|ɔɪər}} || c'''oir''', l'''oir''', M'''oir'''a || {{IPAc-en|w|aɪər}} ch'''oir'''<br />{{IPAc-en|ər}} av'''oir'''dupois
|-
| colspan="3" | '''oor'''|| {{IPAc-en|ʊər}}|| p'''oor''', m'''oor''', b'''oor'''ish, r'''oor'''back || {{IPAc-en|ɔːr}}|| d'''oor''', fl'''oor'''ing || {{IPAc-en|ər}} whipp'''oor'''will<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|'|ɔːr}} c'''oor'''dinate
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''orr'''
| rowspan="2" | stressed || after {{Vr|w}}|| {{IPAc-en|ʌr}} || w'''orr'''y || || ||
|-
| elsewhere|| {{IPAc-en|ɒr}} ||h'''orr'''id, p'''orr'''idge, t'''orr'''ent, c'''orr'''elate|| {{IPAc-en|ɒr}} {{small|(RP)}}, {{IPAc-en|ɑːr}} {{small|(GA)}} || b'''orr'''ow, s'''orr'''y || {{IPAc-en|ɔːr}} And'''orr'''a
|-
| colspan="2" | unstressed || {{IPAc-en|ər}} || c'''orr'''ect, c'''orr'''upt, haem'''orr'''hage, h'''orr'''ific || || ||
|-
|rowspan=2| '''our'''
| colspan="2" |stressed||{{IPAc-en|ɔːr}} || f'''our''', c'''our'''tesan, disc'''our'''se || {{IPAc-en|aʊər}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ɜːr}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʊər}}|| h'''our''', fl'''our''', sc'''our'''s<br />j'''our'''ney, c'''our'''tesy, sc'''our'''ge<br />t'''our''', c'''our'''ier, g'''our'''d, vel'''our'''|| {{IPAc-en|ʌr}} c'''our'''age, fl'''our'''ish
|-
| colspan="2" |unstressed|| {{IPAc-en|ər}} || lab'''our''', col'''our'''ful || {{IPAc-en|ʊr}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʊər}}|| ent'''our'''age, potp'''our'''ri <br />det'''our''', f'''our'''chette
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''ur'''
| rowspan="2" |before a vowel
|elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|j|ʊər}}|| l'''ur'''e, p'''ur'''ity, c'''ur'''ing || {{IPAc-en|ʊər}}|| all'''ur'''e, g'''ur'''u, Sil'''ur'''ian || {{IPAc-en|ɛr}} b'''ur'''y, b'''ur'''ial
|-
|after {{IPAc-en|r|,_|ʃ|,_|ʒ|,_|j}}, cons. + {{IPAc-en|l}} || {{IPAc-en|ʊər}}|| r'''ur'''al, j'''ur'''y, pl'''ur'''al, s'''ur'''e, ass'''ur'''ance, all'''ur'''e || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |elsewhere
|stressed|| {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} || t'''ur'''n, occ'''ur''', c'''ur'''dle || {{IPAc-en|ʌr}} || || {{IPAc-en|ʊər}} lang'''ur'''
|-
|unstressed
|{{IPAc-en|ər}}
|sulph'''ur''', jodhp'''ur''', bulg'''ur''', murm'''ur'''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''urr'''
| colspan="2" |before a spoken vowel || {{IPAc-en|ʌr}} || c'''urr'''ent, h'''urr'''y, fl'''urr'''y, b'''urr'''ow, t'''urr'''et || {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} || f'''urr'''y, bl'''urr'''ing ||
|-
| colspan="2" |elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} || b'''urr''', bl'''urr'''ed || || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''yr'''


|-
| rowspan="2" |before a spoken vowel  ||
*bef. 2+ unstressed syllables
* next syllable contains {{IPAc-en|ɪ}}
|{{IPAc-en|ɪr}}
|s'''yr'''up, P'''yr'''enees, l'''yr'''ic, p'''yr'''amid, S'''yr'''ia, m'''y'''riad, s'''yr'''inge, t'''yr'''anny, p'''yr'''rhic || || ||
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|aɪr}} || t'''yr'''ant, g'''yr'''ate, p'''yr'''otechnic, th'''yr'''oid || || ||
|-
| colspan="2" |before silent {{angbr|e}} || {{IPAc-en|aɪər}} || l'''yr'''e, p'''yr'''e, t'''yr'''es, g'''yr'''ed || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |elsewhere
|stressed|| {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} || m'''yr'''tle, m'''yr'''rh || || ||
|-
|unstressed
|{{IPAc-en|ər}}
|mart'''yr'''
|
|
|
|}

=== Combinations of other consonant and vowel letters ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" | Spelling || Major value<br />([[Help:IPA/English|IPA]]) || Examples of major value || Minor values<br />([[Help:IPA/English|IPA]]) || Examples of minor value || Exceptions
|-
|'''al'''
|Excluding before {{Vr|f, k, l, m, t}}<br/>{{small|(see below)}}
|{{IPAc-en|æ|l}}
|p'''al''', t'''al'''cum, '''al'''gae, '''al'''p
|{{IPAc-en|ɔː|l}}
|b'''al'''d, Nep'''al''', '''al'''ways, w'''al'''rus
|{{IPAc-en|ɔː}} f'''al'''con (also with {{IPAc-en|ɔː|l}}, {{IPAc-en|ɒ|l}} or {{IPAc-en|æ|l}})<br/>{{IPAc-en|ɒ|l}} f'''al'''se (RP; also {{IPAc-en|ɔː|l}})
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''alf'''
|before a vowel
|{{IPAc-en|æ|l|f}}
|'''alfalf'''a, m'''alf'''easance
|
|
|
|-
|elsewhere|| {{IPAc-en|ɑː|f}}&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small><br />{{IPAc-en|æ|f}}&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>|| c'''alf''', h'''alf'''|| || || {{IPAc-en|ɔː|l|f}} p'''alf'''rey
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''alk'''
|before a vowel
|{{IPAc-en|æ|l|k}}
|'''alk'''aline, grim'''alk'''in
|{{IPAc-en|ɔː|l|k}}
|b'''alk'''anise
|
|-
|elsewhere|| {{IPAc-en|ɔː|k}} || w'''alk''' || || ||
|-
| colspan="2" | '''all'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɔː|l}}<br />{{IPAc-en|æ|l}} || c'''all''', f'''all'''out, sm'''all'''er<br />sh'''all''', c'''all'''us, f'''all'''ow || {{IPAc-en|ɒ|l}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ə|l}} || w'''all'''et, sw'''all'''ow<br />'''all'''ow, di'''all'''ed || {{IPAc-en|ɛ|l}} marshm'''all'''ow&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>, p'''all'''-m'''all'''&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''alm'''
|before a vowel
|/æ|lm/
|p'''alm'''ate, s'''alm'''onella, t'''alm'''ud
|/ɔː|lm/
|'''alm'''anac, '''alm'''ost , inst'''alm'''ent
|{{IPAc-en|æ|m}} s'''alm'''on<br />{{IPAc-en|ɑː|l|m}} '''alm'''ond&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>{{efn-lr|According to the ''Longman Pronunciation Dictionary'', 75% of Americans pronounce ''almond'' as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|l|m|ə|n|d}}.{{sfn|Wells|2008}}}}<br />{{IPAc-en|əl|m}} sign'''alm'''ent<br />{{IPAc-en|ɑː|m}} '''alm'''ond&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small>, b'''alm'''y, p'''alm'''istry.
|-
|elsewhere|| {{IPAc-en|ɑː|(|l|)|m}} || '''alm'''s, c'''alm''' || <br /> || || {{IPAc-en|ɔː|m}} h'''alm'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''alt'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɔː|l|t|,_|ɒ|l|t}}{{efn-lr|{{IPAc-en|ɒ|l|t}} or {{IPAc-en|ɔː|l|t}} in RP; always {{IPAc-en|ɔː|l|t}} in in GA}} || '''alt'''er, m'''alt''', s'''alt'''y, bas'''alt''' || {{IPAc-en|æ|l|t}} || '''alt'''o, sh'''alt''', s'''alt'''ation, asph'''alt'''&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small>|| {{IPAc-en|ɑː|l|t}} gest'''alt'''&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small><br />{{IPAc-en|ə|l|t}} roy'''alt'''y, pen'''alt'''y
|-
| '''ange'''
|word final|| {{IPAc-en|eɪ|n|dʒ}} || arr'''ange''', ch'''ange''', m'''ange''', str'''ange''' || {{IPAc-en|æ|n|dʒ}} || fl'''ange''', phal'''ange''' || {{IPAc-en|ɑː|n|ʒ}} mel'''ange'''<br />{{IPAc-en|ɒ|n|dʒ}} blancm'''ange'''<br />{{IPAc-en|ɪ|n|dʒ}} or'''ange'''
|-
| '''aste'''
|word final|| {{IPAc-en|eɪ|s|t}} || ch'''aste''', lamb'''aste''', p'''aste''', t'''aste''' || {{IPAc-en|æ|s|t}} || cine'''aste''', c'''aste''' (GA), pleon'''aste''' || {{IPAc-en|ɑː|s|t}} (out)c'''aste'''&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small><br />{{IPAc-en|ə|s|t|eɪ}} nam'''aste'''
|-
| -'''ci'''
|unstressed before vowel|| {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} || spe'''ci'''al, gra'''ci'''ous || {{IPAc-en|s|i}} (also {{IPAc-en|ʃ}}) || spe'''ci'''es ||
|-
| colspan="2" | -'''cqu'''|| {{IPAc-en|k|w}} || a'''cqu'''aint, a'''cqu'''ire || {{IPAc-en|k}} || la'''cqu'''er, ra'''cqu'''et ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''ed'''
|word final after {{IPAc-en|t}} or {{IPAc-en|d}}|| {{IPAc-en|ɪ|d|,_|ə|d}} || load'''ed''', wait'''ed''' || || ||
|-
|word final after a [[voiceless]] sound|| {{IPAc-en|t}} || pip'''ed''', enserf'''ed''', snak'''ed''' || {{IPAc-en|ɛ|d}} || bip'''ed''', underf'''ed''' || {{IPAc-en|ɪ|d|,_|ə|d}} nak'''ed'''
|-
|word final after a [[Fortis and lenis|lenis]] sound|| {{IPAc-en|d}} || limb'''ed''', enisl'''ed''', unfear'''ed''' || {{IPAc-en|ɛ|d}} || imb'''ed''', misl'''ed''', infrar'''ed''' || {{IPAc-en|ɪ|d|,_|ə|d}} belov'''ed'''
|-
| '''es'''
|word final after a [[fricative]] || {{IPAc-en|ɪ|z|,_|ə|z}} || maz'''es''', wash'''es''', ax'''es''', bas'''es''', piec'''es''' || {{IPAc-en|iː|z}}|| ax'''es''', bas'''es''', fec'''es''', oas'''es''' ||
|-
| '''ex'''-
|unstressed before {{Vr|h}} or a vowel|| {{IPAc-en|ɪ|ɡ|z|,_|ə|ɡ|z}} || '''ex'''ist, '''ex'''amine, '''ex'''haust || {{IPAc-en|ɛ|k|s}} || '''ex'''hale ||
|-
| '''gu'''-
|before {{Vr|a}}|| {{IPAc-en|ɡ|w}} || bilin'''gu'''al, '''gu'''ano, lan'''gu'''age || {{IPAc-en|ɡ}} || '''gu'''ard, '''gu'''arantee ||
|-
| ('''a''')'''isle'''
|word final|| {{IPAc-en|aɪ|l}} || '''aisle''', '''isle''', en'''isle''', l'''isle''' || || ||
|-
| '''le'''
|word final after non {{Vr|r}} cons.|| {{IPAc-en|əl}} || litt'''le''', tab'''le''' || {{IPAc-en|l}} || or'''le''', is'''le''' || {{IPAc-en|l|eɪ}} bouc'''le'''
|-
| '''ngue'''
|word final|| {{IPAc-en|ŋ}} || to'''ngue''', hara'''ngue''', meri'''ngue''' || {{IPAc-en|ŋ|ɡ|eɪ}} || mere'''ngue''', {{not a typo|distin}}'''gué''' || {{IPAc-en|ŋ|ɡ|i}} de'''ngue'''
|-
| colspan="2" | '''old'''|| {{IPAc-en|oʊ|l|d}} || blindf'''old''', '''old'''er, b'''old''' || {{IPAc-en|əl|d}} || scaff'''old''', kob'''old''' (also {{IPAc-en|ɒ|l|d}}) ||
|-
| colspan="2" | '''olk'''|| {{IPAc-en|oʊ|k}} || y'''olk''', f'''olk'''lore || {{IPAc-en|ɒ|l|k}} || p'''olk'''a&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small>, k'''olk'''hoz || {{IPAc-en|oʊ|l|k}} p'''olk'''a&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>
|-
| colspan="2" | '''oll'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɒ|l}} || d'''oll'''house, p'''oll'''en, tr'''oll'''ey, h'''oll'''y || {{IPAc-en|oʊ|l}} || t'''oll'''house, sw'''oll'''en, tr'''oll'''er, wh'''oll'''y || {{IPAc-en|ɔː}} at'''oll'''&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small><br />{{IPAc-en|ɔɪ}} ch'''oll'''a<br />{{IPAc-en|əl}} car'''oll'''er, c'''oll'''ide
|-
| colspan="2" | '''olm'''|| {{IPAc-en|ɒ|l|m}} || '''olm''', d'''olm'''en || {{IPAc-en|oʊ|l|m}} || enr'''olm'''ent, h'''olm'''ium || {{IPAc-en|oʊ|m}} h'''olm''' (oak)
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''ong'''|| morpheme-final || {{IPAc-en|ɒ|ŋ}}&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small><br />{{IPAc-en|ɔː|ŋ}}&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small> || s'''ong'''stress, al'''ong''', str'''ong''', wr'''ong'''er || {{IPAc-en|ɒ|ŋ}} || t'''ong'''er, b'''ong''', dug'''ong''', t'''ong'''s || {{IPAc-en|ʌ|ŋ}} am'''ong'''
|-
| elsewhere || {{IPAc-en|ɒ|ŋ|g}} || c'''ong'''ress, j'''ong'''leur, b'''ong'''o, c'''ong'''er, '''ong'''oing, n'''ong'''raded
|| {{IPAc-en|ɒ|n|dʒ}} <br />{{IPAc-en|ʌ|ŋ|ɡ}} <br />{{IPAc-en|ʌ|n|dʒ}} <br /> || c'''ong'''eries, l'''ong'''evity, p'''ong'''ee<br />m'''ong'''er, hum'''ong'''ous, m'''ong'''rel<br />sp'''ong'''er, l'''ong'''e, sp'''ong'''y
|| {{IPAc-en|ʌ|ŋ}} t'''ong'''ue <br />{{IPAc-en|ə|n|ɡ}} c'''ong'''ratulate, lem'''ong'''rass<br />{{IPAc-en|ən|dʒ}} c'''ong'''eal, c'''ong'''estion<br />{{IPAc-en|ɒ|n|ʒ}} all'''ong'''e<br />{{IPAc-en|oʊ|n|ʒ}} c'''ong'''é&nbsp;<small>(GA)</small>
|-
| colspan="2" |'''ought'''
|{{IPAc-en|ɔː|t}}
|b'''ought''', br'''ought''', f'''ought''', n'''ought''', '''ought''', s'''ought''', th'''ought''', wr'''ought'''
|{{IPAc-en|aʊ|t}}
|d'''ough'''ty, dr'''ough'''t
|
|-
| colspan="2" | '''qu'''- || {{IPAc-en|k|w}} || '''qu'''een, '''qu'''ick || {{IPAc-en|k}} || li'''qu'''or, mos'''qu'''ito ||
|-
| '''que'''
|word final|| {{IPAc-en|k}} || mos'''que''', bis'''que''' || {{IPAc-en|k|eɪ}} || man'''que''', ris'''qué''' || {{IPAc-en|k|j|uː}} barbe'''que'''<br />{{IPAc-en|k|i}} pul'''que'''
|-
| '''re'''
|word final after non {{Vr|r}} cons. || {{IPAc-en|ər}} || timb'''re''', ac'''re''', og'''re''', cent'''re''' || {{IPAc-en|r|eɪ}}, {{IPAc-en|r|i}}<br />{{IPAc-en|r|ə}} || cad'''re''' (GA), compad'''re''', emig'''re'''<br />gen'''re''', oeuv'''re''', fiac'''re''' ||
|-
| '''ron'''
|word final after vowel|| {{IPAc-en|r|ɒ|n}} || neu'''ron''', mo'''ron''', interfe'''ron''', aile'''ron''' || {{IPAc-en|r|ən}} || ba'''ron''', he'''ron''', envi'''ron''' || {{IPAc-en|ər|n}} i'''ron'''<br />{{IPAc-en|r|oʊ|n}} chape'''ron'''
|-
| '''sci'''-
|unstressed before a vowel|| {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} || con'''sci'''ence, lu'''sci'''ous, pro'''sci'''utto || {{IPAc-en|s|aɪ}} || '''sci'''atica, '''sci'''amachy, '''sci'''ential || {{IPAc-en|ʃ|i}} con'''sci'''entious, fa'''sci'''ated <br />{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ}}&nbsp;<small>(RP)</small> omni'''sci'''ent, pre'''sci'''ence
|- <!-- Probably better to delete this: "rule" only applies to muscle, arbuscle, corpuscle and crepuscle -->
| '''scle'''|| word final || {{IPAc-en|s|əl}} || corpu'''scle''', mu'''scle''' || {{IPAc-en|s|k|əl}} || ma'''scle''' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | -'''se'''
|word final after vowel (noun)|| {{IPAc-en|s}} || hou'''se''', excu'''se''', moo'''se''', ani'''se''', gee'''se''' || {{IPAc-en|z}}|| pro'''se''', no'''se''', tea'''se''', gui'''se''', compromi'''se''' || {{IPAc-en|z|eɪ}} marche'''se''' <!-- not after a vowel {{IPAc-en|s|i}} pos'''se''' -->
|-
|word final after vowel (verb)|| {{IPAc-en|z}} || hou'''se''', excu'''se''', choo'''se''', ari'''se''', plea'''se''' || {{IPAc-en|s}} || grou'''se''', do'''se''', lea'''se''', cha'''se''', promi'''se''' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | -'''si'''
|unstressed after a vowel|| {{IPAc-en|ʒ}} || vi'''si'''on, occa'''si'''on, explo'''si'''on, illu'''si'''on || {{IPAc-en|z|i}} || ea'''si'''er, enthu'''si'''asm, phy'''si'''ological ||
|-
|unstressed after a cons.
|/ʃ/
|pen'''si'''on, controver'''si'''al, compul'''si'''on
|
|
|/si/ tar'''s'''ier, Cel'''s'''ius
|-
| -'''ssi'''
|unstressed before a vowel|| {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} || mi'''ssi'''on, pa'''ssi'''on, Ru'''ssi'''a, se'''ssi'''on || {{IPAc-en|s|i}} || pota'''ssi'''um, do'''ssi'''er, me'''ssi'''er ||
|-
| -'''sti'''
|unstressed before a vowel|| {{IPAc-en|s|tʃ}} || que'''sti'''on, Chri'''sti'''an, sugge'''sti'''on || || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | -'''sure'''
|unstressed after a vowel|| {{IPAc-en|ʒ|ər}} || lei'''sure''', trea'''sure''' || || ||
|-
|unstressed after a cons.
|{{IPAc-en|ʃ|ər}}
|ton'''sure''', cen'''sure'''
|
|
|
|-
| -'''the'''
|unstressed|| {{IPAc-en|ð}} || sca'''the''', spa'''the''' || || ||
|-
| -'''ti'''
|unstressed before a vowel|| {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} || cau'''ti'''ous, pa'''ti'''ent, iner'''ti'''a, ini'''ti'''al, ra'''ti'''on || {{IPAc-en|t|i}}<br />{{IPAc-en|ʃ|i}} || pa'''ti'''os, consor'''ti'''a, fif'''ti'''eth, cour'''ti'''er<br />ra'''ti'''os, minu'''ti'''a, ini'''ti'''ate, nego'''ti'''ate || {{IPAc-en|t|aɪ}} ca'''ti'''on, ca'''ti'''onic<br />{{IPAc-en|ʒ}} equa'''ti'''on<br />{{IPAc-en|tj}} ren'''ti'''er (GA)
|-
| -'''ture'''
|unstressed|| {{IPAc-en|tʃ|ər}} || na'''ture''', pic'''ture''' || || ||
|-
| -'''zure'''
|unstressed|| {{IPAc-en|ʒ|ər}} || sei'''zure''', a'''zure''' || || ||
|}
{{notelist-lr}}