Editing Engineering (section)

==Relationships with other disciplines==

===Science===
{{blockquote|''Scientists study the world as it is; engineers create the world that has never been.''|[[Theodore von Kármán]]<ref name=Caltech>{{cite web
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}}</ref><ref name=Ryschkewitsch>{{cite web|title=Improving the capability to Engineer Complex Systems – Broadening the Conversation on the Art and Science of Systems Engineering|last=Ryschkewitsch|first=M.G. NASA Chief Engineer|page=8 of 21|url=http://sdm.mit.edu/conf09/presentations/ryschkewitsch.pdf|access-date=October 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814075607/http://sdm.mit.edu/conf09/presentations/ryschkewitsch.pdf|archive-date=August 14, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=American Society for Engineering Education|title=Engineering education|year=1970|publisher=American Society for Engineering Education|volume=60|quote=The great engineer Theodore von Karman once said, "Scientists study the world as it is, engineers create the world that never has been." Today, more than ever, the engineer must create a world that never has been&nbsp;...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frZVAAAAMAAJ&q=Scientists+study+the+world+as+it+is;+engineers+create+the+world+that+has+never+been|page=467|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-date=April 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416122644/https://books.google.com/books?id=frZVAAAAMAAJ&q=Scientists+study+the+world+as+it+is;+engineers+create+the+world+that+has+never+been|url-status=live}}</ref> }}

[[File:Worker inside the target chamber of the National Ignition Facility.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Engineers, scientists and technicians at work on target positioner inside [[National Ignition Facility]] (NIF) target chamber]]

There exists an overlap between the sciences and engineering practice; in engineering, one applies science. Both areas of endeavor rely on accurate observation of materials and phenomena. Both use mathematics and classification criteria to analyze and communicate observations.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

Scientists may also have to complete engineering tasks, such as designing experimental apparatus or building prototypes. Conversely, in the process of developing technology, engineers sometimes find themselves exploring new phenomena, thus becoming, for the moment, scientists or more precisely "engineering scientists".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esm.psu.edu/academics/undergraduate/what-is-engineering-science.aspx |title=What is Engineering Science? |website=esm.psu.edu |access-date=September 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516163509/https://www.esm.psu.edu/academics/undergraduate/what-is-engineering-science.aspx |archive-date=2022-05-16 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:The station pictured from the SpaceX Crew Dragon 5 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[International Space Station]] is used to conduct science experiments in space.]]
In the book ''[[What Engineers Know and How They Know It]]'',<ref name="vincenti">{{cite book|last=Vincenti|first=Walter G. |title=What Engineers Know and How They Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-8018-3974-0}}</ref> [[Walter Vincenti]] asserts that engineering research has a character different from that of scientific research. First, it often deals with areas in which the basic [[physics]] or [[chemistry]] are well understood, but the problems themselves are too complex to solve in an exact manner.

There is a "real and important" difference between engineering and physics as similar to any science field has to do with technology.<ref>Walter G Whitman; August Paul Peck. ''Whitman-Peck Physics''. American Book Company, 1946, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gPRLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA06 p. 06] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801101650/https://books.google.com/books?id=gPRLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA06 |date=August 1, 2020 }}. {{OCLC|3247002}}</ref><ref>Ateneo de Manila University Press. Philippine Studies, vol. 11, no. 4, 1963. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WKgSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA600 p. 600]</ref> Physics is an exploratory science that seeks knowledge of principles while engineering uses knowledge for practical applications of principles. The former equates an understanding into a mathematical principle while the latter measures variables involved and creates technology.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1109/JAIEE.1927.6534988|title = Relationship between physics and electrical engineering|journal = Journal of the A.I.E.E.| volume=46| issue=2| pages=107–108|year = 1927|s2cid = 51673339}}</ref><ref>Puttaswamaiah. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lkitoDyVWG0C&pg=PA208 ''Future Of Economic Science''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026144027/https://books.google.com/books?id=lkitoDyVWG0C&pg=PA208 |date=October 26, 2018 }}. Oxford and IBH Publishing, 2008, p. 208.</ref><ref>Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Cynthia L. Breazeal. ''Biologically Inspired Intelligent Robots''. SPIE Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-8194-4872-9}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5SZiAKpFwgC&pg=PA190 p. 190]</ref> For technology, physics is an auxiliary and in a way technology is considered as applied physics.<ref>C. Morón, E. Tremps, A. García, J.A. Somolinos (2011) The Physics and its Relation with the Engineering, INTED2011 Proceedings [https://library.iated.org/view/MORON2011THE pp. 5929–34] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220101632/https://library.iated.org/view/MORON2011THE |date=December 20, 2016 }}. {{ISBN|978-84-614-7423-3}}</ref> Though physics and engineering are interrelated, it does not mean that a physicist is trained to do an engineer's job. A physicist would typically require additional and relevant training.<ref>R Gazzinelli, R L Moreira, W N Rodrigues. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sJLsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 ''Physics and Industrial Development: Bridging the Gap''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801102853/https://books.google.com/books?id=sJLsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |date=August 1, 2020 }}. World Scientific, 1997, p. 110.</ref> Physicists and engineers engage in different lines of work.<ref>Steve Fuller. Knowledge Management Foundations. Routledge, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-136-38982-5}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ScgJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 p. 92] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801095210/https://books.google.com/books?id=ScgJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 |date=August 1, 2020 }}</ref> But PhD physicists who specialize in sectors of [[engineering physics]] and [[applied physics]] are titled as Technology officer, R&D Engineers and System Engineers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap7.pdf|title=Industrial Physicists: Primarily specialising in Engineering|date=October 2016|publisher=American Institute for Physics|access-date=December 23, 2016|archive-date=September 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906191436/https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/phd-plus-10/physprivsect-chap7.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

An example of this is the use of numerical approximations to the [[Navier–Stokes equations]] to describe aerodynamic flow over an aircraft, or the use of the [[finite element method]] to calculate the stresses in complex components. Second, engineering research employs many semi-[[empirical methods]] that are foreign to pure scientific research, one example being the method of parameter variation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baofu |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu8YBwAAQBAJ&dq=engineering+research+employs+many+semi-empirical+methods+that+are+foreign+to+pure+scientific+research,+one+example+being+the+method+of+parameter+variation&pg=PA141 |title=The Future of Post-Human Engineering: A Preface to a New Theory of Technology |date=2009-03-26 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-0813-2 |pages=141 |language=en}}</ref>

As stated by Fung ''et al.'' in the revision to the classic engineering text ''Foundations of Solid Mechanics'':

<blockquote>Engineering is quite different from science. Scientists try to understand nature. Engineers try to make things that do not exist in nature. Engineers stress innovation and invention. To embody an invention the engineer must put his idea in concrete terms, and design something that people can use. That something can be a complex system, device, a gadget, a material, a method, a computing program, an innovative experiment, a new solution to a problem, or an improvement on what already exists. Since a design has to be realistic and functional, it must have its geometry, dimensions, and characteristics data defined. In the past engineers working on new designs found that they did not have all the required information to make design decisions. Most often, they were limited by insufficient scientific knowledge. Thus they studied [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]] and [[mechanics]]. Often they had to add to the sciences relevant to their profession. Thus engineering sciences were born.<ref name="Fung">{{cite book|title=Classical and Computational Solid Mechanics, YC Fung and P. Tong|publisher=World Scientific|year=2001}}</ref></blockquote>

Although engineering solutions make use of scientific principles, engineers must also take into account safety, efficiency, economy, reliability, and constructability or ease of fabrication as well as the environment, ethical and legal considerations such as patent infringement or liability in the case of failure of the solution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/code-ethics|title=Code of Ethics {{!}} National Society of Professional Engineers|website=www.nspe.org|access-date=September 10, 2019|archive-date=February 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218064318/https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/code-ethics|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Medicine and biology===
[[File:Modern_3T_MRI.JPG|thumb|left|250px|A 3 tesla clinical [[MRI scanner]]]]
The study of the human body, albeit from different directions and for different purposes, is an important common link between medicine and some engineering disciplines. [[Medicine]] aims to sustain, repair, enhance and even replace functions of the [[human body]], if necessary, through the use of [[technology]].

[[File:GFP Mice 01.jpg|thumb|right|Genetically engineered mice expressing [[green fluorescent protein]], which glows green under blue light. The central mouse is [[wild-type]].]]
Modern medicine can replace several of the body's functions through the use of artificial organs and can significantly alter the function of the human body through artificial devices such as, for example, [[brain implant]]s and [[pacemakers]].<ref name="Boston U">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Bioe/BioeMcGe.htm |title=Ethical Assessment of Implantable Brain Chips. Ellen M. McGee and G.Q. Maguire, Jr. from Boston University |access-date=March 30, 2007 |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407064911/http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Bioe/BioeMcGe.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IEEE foreign parts">{{Cite journal |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1204814 |title=Foreign parts (electronic body implants) | quote=Feeling threatened by cyborgs? |journal=IEE Review |date=May 2003 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=30–33 |doi=10.1049/ir:20030503 |access-date=March 3, 2020 |last1=Evans-Pughe |first1=C. |doi-broken-date=December 7, 2024 }}</ref> The fields of [[bionics]] and medical bionics are dedicated to the study of synthetic implants pertaining to natural systems.

Conversely, some engineering disciplines view the human body as a biological machine worth studying and are dedicated to emulating many of its functions by replacing [[biology]] with technology. This has led to fields such as [[artificial intelligence]], [[Artificial neural network|neural networks]], [[fuzzy logic]], and [[robot]]ics. There are also substantial interdisciplinary interactions between engineering and medicine.<ref name="IME">[http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/ime/mission.html Institute of Medicine and Engineering: Mission statement The mission of the Institute for Medicine and Engineering (IME) is to stimulate fundamental research at the interface between biomedicine and engineering/physical/computational sciences leading to innovative applications in biomedical research and clinical practice.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317145554/http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/ime/mission.html |date=March 17, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="IEEE">{{Cite web |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=51 |title=IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology: Both general and technical articles on current technologies and methods used in biomedical and clinical engineering ... |access-date=March 30, 2007 |archive-date=February 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213074931/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=51 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Both fields provide solutions to real world problems. This often requires moving forward before phenomena are completely understood in a more rigorous scientific sense and therefore experimentation and empirical knowledge is an integral part of both.

Medicine, in part, studies the function of the human body. The human body, as a biological machine, has many functions that can be modeled using engineering methods.<ref name="Royal Academy">[http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/images/pressRelease/1170256174.pdf Royal Academy of Engineering and Academy of Medical Sciences: Systems Biology: a vision for engineering and medicine in pdf: quote1: Systems Biology is an emerging methodology that has yet to be defined quote2: It applies the concepts of systems engineering to the study of complex biological systems through iteration between computational or mathematical modelling and experimentation.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410011033/http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/images/pressRelease/1170256174.pdf |date=April 10, 2007 }}</ref>

The heart for example functions much like a pump,<ref name="Science Museum of Minnesota">{{Cite web |url=http://www.smm.org/heart/lessons/lesson5a.htm |title=Science Museum of Minnesota: Online Lesson 5a; The heart as a pump |access-date=September 27, 2006 |archive-date=September 27, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927073422/http://www.smm.org/heart/lessons/lesson5a.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> the skeleton is like a linked structure with levers,<ref name="Minnesota State University emuseum">[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html Minnesota State University emuseum: Bones act as levers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220001131/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html |date=December 20, 2008 }}</ref> the brain produces [[Signal (electrical engineering)|electrical signals]] etc.<ref name="UC Berkeley News">{{Cite web |url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/02/23_brainwaves.shtml |title=UC Berkeley News: UC researchers create model of brain's electrical storm during a seizure |access-date=March 30, 2007 |archive-date=February 2, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202183307/http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/02/23_brainwaves.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> These similarities as well as the increasing importance and application of engineering principles in medicine, led to the development of the field of [[biomedical engineering]] that uses concepts developed in both disciplines.

Newly emerging branches of science, such as [[systems biology]], are adapting analytical tools traditionally used for engineering, such as systems modeling and computational analysis, to the description of biological systems.<ref name="Royal Academy"/>

===Art===
[[File:Leonardo da Vinci - presumed self-portrait - WGA12798.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Leonardo da Vinci]], seen here in a self-portrait, has been described as the epitome of the artist/engineer.<ref name="Bjerklie, David"/> He is also known for his studies on [[human anatomy]] and [[physiology]].]]
There are connections between engineering and art, for example, [[architecture]], [[landscape architecture]] and [[industrial design]] (even to the extent that these disciplines may sometimes be included in a university's [[Faculty (division)|Faculty]] of Engineering).<ref name="National Science Foundation:The Art of Engineering">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=107990&org=NSF |title=National Science Foundation:The Art of Engineering: Professor uses the fine arts to broaden students' engineering perspectives |access-date=April 6, 2018 |archive-date=September 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211145/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=107990&org=NSF |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MIT World:The Art of Engineering">[http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/362/ MIT World:The Art of Engineering: Inventor James Dyson on the Art of Engineering: quote: A member of the British Design Council, James Dyson has been designing products since graduating from the Royal College of Art in 1970.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705232213/http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/362/ |date=July 5, 2006 }}</ref><ref name="University of Texas at Dallas">{{Cite web |url=http://iiae.utdallas.edu/ |title=University of Texas at Dallas: The Institute for Interactive Arts and Engineering |access-date=March 30, 2007 |archive-date=April 3, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403182106/http://iiae.utdallas.edu/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Art Institute of Chicago]], for instance, held an exhibition about the art of [[NASA]]'s aerospace design.<ref name="NASA">{{Cite web |url=http://www.artic.edu/aic/exhibitions/nasa/overview.html |title=Aerospace Design: The Art of Engineering from NASA's Aeronautical Research |access-date=March 31, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030815085429/http://www.artic.edu/aic/exhibitions/nasa/overview.html |archive-date=August 15, 2003 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Robert Maillart]]'s bridge design is perceived by some to have been deliberately artistic.<ref name="Princeton U">{{Cite book |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/137.html |title=Princeton U: Robert Maillart's Bridges: The Art of Engineering: quote: no doubt that Maillart was fully conscious of the aesthetic implications ... |date= 1989 |isbn=978-0691024219 |access-date=March 31, 2007 |archive-date=April 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420145552/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/137.html |url-status=live |last1=Billington |first1=David P. |publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref> At the [[University of South Florida]], an engineering professor, through a grant with the [[National Science Foundation]], has developed a course that connects art and engineering.<ref name="National Science Foundation:The Art of Engineering"/><ref name="Chief engineer">[http://www.chiefengineer.org/content/content_display.cfm/seqnumber_content/2697.htm quote:..the tools of artists and the perspective of engineers..] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927180822/http://www.chiefengineer.org/content/content_display.cfm/seqnumber_content/2697.htm |date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

Among famous historical figures, [[Leonardo da Vinci]] is a well-known [[Renaissance]] artist and engineer, and a prime example of the nexus between art and engineering.<ref name="Bjerklie, David">Bjerklie, David. "The Art of Renaissance Engineering." ''MIT's Technology Review'' Jan./Feb.1998: 54–59. Article explores the concept of the "artist-engineer", an individual who used his artistic talent in engineering. Quote from article: Da Vinci reached the pinnacle of "artist-engineer"-dom, Quote2: "It was Leonardo da Vinci who initiated the most ambitious expansion in the role of artist-engineer, progressing from astute observer to inventor to theoretician." (Bjerklie 58)</ref><ref name="Drew U">[http://www.users.drew.edu/~ejustin/leonardo.htm Drew U: user website: cites Bjerklie paper] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419194433/http://www.users.drew.edu/~ejustin/leonardo.htm |date=April 19, 2007 }}</ref>

===Business===

[[Business engineering]] deals with the relationship between professional engineering, IT systems, business administration and [[change management]]. [[Engineering management]] or "Management engineering" is a specialized field of [[management]] concerned with engineering practice or the engineering industry sector. The demand for management-focused engineers (or from the opposite perspective, managers with an understanding of engineering), has resulted in the development of specialized engineering management degrees that develop the knowledge and skills needed for these roles. During an engineering management course, students will develop [[industrial engineering]] skills, knowledge, and expertise, alongside knowledge of business administration, management techniques, and strategic thinking. Engineers specializing in change management must have in-depth knowledge of the application of [[industrial and organizational psychology]] principles and methods. Professional engineers often train as [[certified management consultant]]s in the very specialized field of [[management consulting]] applied to engineering practice or the engineering sector. This work often deals with large scale complex [[business transformation]] or [[business process management]] initiatives in aerospace and defence, automotive, oil and gas, machinery, pharmaceutical, food and beverage, electrical and electronics, power distribution and generation, utilities and transportation systems. This combination of technical engineering practice, management consulting practice, industry sector knowledge, and change management expertise enables professional engineers who are also qualified as management consultants to lead major business transformation initiatives. These initiatives are typically sponsored by C-level executives.

===Other fields===
In [[political science]], the term ''engineering'' has been borrowed for the study of the subjects of [[Social engineering (political science)|social engineering]] and [[political engineering]], which deal with forming [[political structure|political]] and [[social structure]]s using engineering methodology coupled with [[political science]] principles. [[Marketing engineering]] and [[financial engineering]] have similarly borrowed the term.