Editing Electromagnetic radiation (section)

=== Ultraviolet ===
{{Main|Ultraviolet}}
As frequency increases into the ultraviolet, photons now carry enough energy (about three [[electron volt]]s or more) to excite certain doubly bonded molecules into permanent chemical rearrangement. In [[DNA]], this causes lasting damage. DNA is also indirectly damaged by reactive oxygen species produced by ultraviolet A (UVA), which has energy too low to damage DNA directly. This is why ultraviolet at all wavelengths can damage DNA, and is capable of causing cancer, and (for [[UVB]]) skin burns (sunburn) that are far worse than would be produced by simple heating (temperature increase) effects.

At the higher end of the ultraviolet range, the energy of photons becomes large enough to impart enough energy to electrons to cause them to be liberated from the atom, in a process called [[photoionisation]]. The energy required for this is always larger than about 10 [[electron volt]] (eV) corresponding with wavelengths smaller than 124&nbsp;nm (some sources suggest a more realistic cutoff of 33&nbsp;eV, which is the energy required to ionize water). This high end of the ultraviolet spectrum with energies in the approximate ionization range, is sometimes called "extreme UV". Ionizing UV is strongly filtered by the Earth's atmosphere.<ref>{{Citation |last= |first= |title=Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation |date=2012 |work=Radiation |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304366/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer |language=en}}</ref>