Editing Electric boat (section)

==Pollution and embodied energy==
{{further|Embodied energy}}
[[File:solifleur.jpg|thumb|The solar passenger boat Solifleur, Switzerland, 1995]]
[[File:Basilisk 3.jpg|thumb|Basilisk 3]]
[[File:Elaquaelectricboatjan23.jpg|thumb|In 2023 [http://www.elaquamarine.com ELAQUA] commercializes an electric personal watercraft]]
All the component parts of any boat have to be manufactured and will eventually have to be disposed of. Some pollution and use of other energy sources are inevitable during these stages of the boat's life and electric boats are no exception. The benefits to the global environment that are achieved by the use of electric propulsion are manifested during the working life of the boat, which can be many years. These benefits are also most directly felt in the sensitive and beautiful environments in which such a boat is used.<!--explain-->

A 2016 [[Life-cycle assessment|life-cycle study]] in Norway states that electric ferries and hybrid offshore supply ships compensate for the environmental effects of producing lithium-ion batteries in less than 2 months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tu.no/artikler/batterier-til-elferger-miljobelastningen-er-spart-inn-etter-1-4-maneder/367336|title=Batterier til elferger: Miljøbelastningen er spart inn etter 1,4 måneder|work=[[Teknisk Ukeblad]]|date=10 January 2017|access-date=10 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111000849/http://www.tu.no/artikler/batterier-til-elferger-miljobelastningen-er-spart-inn-etter-1-4-maneder/367336|archive-date=11 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Historic debate===
The British ''[[Classic Boat (magazine)|Classic Boat]]'' magazine carried a pro and con article entitled ''Electric debate'' in May 2010,<ref name="CB263">{{cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Jamie|author2=Kevin Desmond|author3=Ian Rutter|date=May 2010|title=Electric debate|journal=Classic Boat|location=Croydon, England|issue=263|pages=48–49|issn=0950-3315|url=http://www.classicboat.co.uk|access-date=13 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306181754/http://www.classicboat.co.uk/|archive-date=6 March 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better citation|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=March 2025}} when lead–acid batteries dominated the battery market, and fossil fuels dominated the [[Electricity sector in the United Kingdom|UK electricity system]]. Jamie Campbell argued against electric boating on four main counts, which were rebuffed by Kevin Desmond and Ian Rutter of the Electric Boat Association. Jamie Campbell asserted that electric propulsion can no more be justified afloat than a [[British Seagull|''Seagull'']] outboard motor, proposing [[Boat building|wooden]] [[sailing]] boats and rowing [[Dinghy|dinghies]] as "by far the most environmentally sensitive and renewable options for recreational boating".

====Electricity production====
Campbell asserts that the lack of pollution from an electric boat "reeks of [[NIMBY|nimbyism]]" as "[[The long tailpipe|the discharge is all in someone else's back yard]]" and that the provision of re-charging points may involve digging up miles of habitat. Desmond responds that while there is no doubt that rechargeable batteries derive their energy from power stations (when not charged on board by solar and wind generation), noisier internal-combustion-engined boats obtain their fuel from even further away and that, once installed a power cable is less environmentally disruptive than a petrol station. Rutter notes that electric boats tend to recharge overnight, using '[[base load]]'.

====Efficiency====
While there are losses in the charge/discharge cycle and in the conversion of electricity to motive power, Rutter points out that most electric boats need only about {{convert|1.5|kW|hp|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} to cruise at {{convert|5|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, a common maximum river speed and that a {{convert|30|hp|kW|abbr=on}} [[Petrol engine|petrol]] or [[diesel engine]] producing only {{convert|2|hp|kW|abbr=on}} is considerably more inefficient. While Campbell refers to heavy batteries requiring a "load-bearing hull" and "cranky, even unseaworthy vessels", Desmond points out that electric boaters tend to prefer efficient, low-wash hull forms that are more friendly to river banks.

====Pollution====
Campbell discusses the pollution that [[lead–acid battery|"traditional" batteries]] put into the water when a boat sinks, but Desmond says that electric boats are no more liable to sinking than other types and lists the leakage of fuel, engine oil and coolant additives as inevitable when an internal-combustion-engined boat sinks. Rutter points to the "very nasty cocktail of pollutants" that come out of a diesel wet exhaust in normal use.

====Battery manufacture====
Campbell mentions "all manner of noxious chemicals ... involved in battery manufacture", but Rutter describes them as being<!--to avoid false positives in search for 'being led/lead' typo --> "lead and sulphuric acid with a few extra trace metals in a modest plastic box" with a potential lifetime of 10–12 years. Desmond says that the US has a 98% recycling rate for lead acid batteries and that the battery and lead-smelting industries observe some of the tightest pollution control standards in the world.

The article mentions 25% and 30% discounts being offered to electric boaters by the UK [[Environment Agency]] and the [[Broads Authority]] and that battery powered vehicles have {{frac|3|5}} the carbon footprint of their petrol equivalents. It is claimed that a typical recharge after a day's cruising costs £1.50, without the use of solar or wind power.<ref name="CB263"/>