Editing Dowsing (section)

===Ideomotor phenomenon===
Science writers such as [[William Benjamin Carpenter]] (1877), [[Millais Culpin]] (1920), and [[Martin Gardner]] (1957) accept the view of some dowsers<ref name="ZrZdV">{{cite book|last1=Bailey|first1=Arthur|title=Anyone Can Dowse For Better Health|date=1999|publisher=Quantum, an imprint of W Foulsham & Co Ltd|location=The Publishing House, Bennetts Close, Cippenham, Berkshire, England|isbn=0-572-02461-4|page=46|ref=Bailey 1999|quote=The angle-rods are driven in exactly the same way as the forked rod: by a muscular reaction causing a slight unconscious rotation of the forearms. If the tops of the forearms rotate towards each other, then the rods will move towards each other; the opposite rotation will cause the rods to move outwards. It is the change in balance between opposing sets of muscles in the arms (flexors and extensors) that makes the rods move.}}</ref> that the movement of dowsing rods is the result of [[Ideomotor phenomenon|unconscious muscular action]].<ref name="7j4uc">[[William Benjamin Carpenter|Carpenter, William Benjamin]]. (1877). ''Mesmerism, Spiritualism, &c. Historically & Scientifically Considered.'' New York: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 47–53</ref><ref name="7p2Ph">[[Millais Culpin|Culpin, Millais]]. (1920). ''Spiritualism and the New Psychology: An Explanation of Spiritualist Phenomena and Beliefs in Terms of Modern Knowledge''. London: Edward Arnold. pp. 34–43</ref><ref name="4urba">[[Martin Gardner|Gardner, Martin]]. (1957). ''[[Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science]]''. Dover Publications. pp. 101–115. {{ISBN|0-486-20394-8}}</ref> This view is widely accepted amongst the [[scientific community]].<ref name="Zusne 1989" /><ref name="Novella 2002" /><ref name="qYM2T">[[Ray Hyman|Hyman, Ray]]. (2003). [https://quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/ideomotor.html "How People Are Fooled by Ideomotor Action"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511105128/http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/ideomotor.html |date=2017-05-11 }}. Quackwatch.</ref><ref name="French 2013">[[Chris French|French, Chris]]. (2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/apr/27/ouija-boards-dowsing-rods-bomb-detectors "The unseen force that drives Ouija Boards and fake bomb detectors"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620132924/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/apr/27/ouija-boards-dowsing-rods-bomb-detectors |date=2017-06-20 }}. The Guardian.</ref> The dowsing apparatus is known to amplify slight movements of the hands caused by a phenomenon known as the [[ideomotor phenomenon|ideomotor response]]: people's subconscious minds may influence their bodies without consciously deciding to take action. This would make the dowsing rod susceptible to the dowsers' subconscious knowledge or perception; and also to [[confirmation bias]].<ref name="Zusne 1989" /><ref name="ULncz">Hyman, R; Vogt, E. Z. (1968). ''Psychologists examine the secrets of water witching''. ''[[Science Digest]]'' 63 (1): 39–45.</ref><ref name="d5dci">[[Terence Hines|Hines, Terence]]. (2003). ''Pseudoscience and the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books. pp. 418–421. {{ISBN|1-57392-979-4}}</ref><ref name="A7Gqj">[[Ray Hyman|Hyman, Ray]]. (2007). ''Ouija, Dowsing, and Other Selections of Ideomotor Action''. In. S. Della Sala. ''Tall Tales About the Mind & Brain: Separating Fact From Fiction''. Oxford University Press. pp. 411–424</ref><ref name="ajLAI">[http://skepdic.com/dowsing.html "Dowsing (a.k.a. water witching)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619233401/http://www.skepdic.com/dowsing.html |date=2012-06-19 }}. The Skeptic's Dictionary.</ref>