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===Taxonomy=== [[File:Ornithopods jconway.jpg|thumb|Restoration of six [[Ornithopoda|ornithopod]]s; far left: ''[[Camptosaurus]]'', left: ''[[Iguanodon]]'', center background: ''[[Shantungosaurus]]'', center foreground: ''[[Dryosaurus]]'', right: ''[[Corythosaurus]]'', far right (large) ''[[Tenontosaurus]]''.]] [[File:Ceratopsidae-BW-003.png|thumb|Restoration of four [[Ceratopsidae|ceratopsids]]: top left β ''[[Triceratops]]'', top right β ''[[Styracosaurus]]'', bottom left β ''[[Anchiceratops]]'', bottom right β ''[[Chasmosaurus]]''.]] [[File:Macronaria scrubbed enh.jpg|thumb|Restoration of four [[macronaria]]n [[Sauropoda|sauropods]]: from left to right ''[[Camarasaurus]]'', ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'', ''[[Giraffatitan]]'', and ''[[Euhelopus]]'']] [[File:Dromaeosaurs.png|thumb|[[paleoart|Restoration]] of six [[Dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurid]] [[Theropoda|theropods]]: from left to right ''[[Microraptor]]'', ''[[Velociraptor]]'', ''[[Austroraptor]]'', ''[[Dromaeosaurus]]'', ''[[Utahraptor]]'', and ''[[Deinonychus]]'']] The following is a simplified classification of dinosaur groups based on their evolutionary relationships, and those of the main dinosaur groups Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha and Ornithischia, compiled by Justin Tweet.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Justin Tweet|url=https://equatorialminnesota.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_20.html|title=Classification diagrams|website=Equatorial Minnesota|access-date=2022-09-06|archive-date=November 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104195358/https://equatorialminnesota.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_20.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Further details and other hypotheses of classification may be found on individual articles. *Dinosauria **β [[Ornithischia]] ("bird-hipped"; diverse bipedal and quadrupedal herbivores) ***β [[Saphornithischia]] ("true" ornithischians) ****β [[Heterodontosauridae]] (small herbivores/omnivores with prominent [[canine tooth|canine-like teeth]]) *****β [[Genasauria]] ("cheeked lizards") ******β [[Thyreophora]] (armored dinosaurs; bipeds and quadrupeds) *******β [[Eurypoda]] (heavy, quadrupedal thyreophorans) ********β [[Stegosauria]] (spikes and plates as primary armor) *********β [[Huayangosauridae]] (small stegosaurs with flank osteoderms and tail clubs) *********β [[Stegosauridae]] (large stegosaurs) ********β [[Ankylosauria]] ([[scute]]s as primary armor) *********β [[Parankylosauria]] (small, southern ankylosaurs with [[macuahuitl]]-like tails) *********β [[Nodosauridae]] (mostly spiky, club-less ankylosaurs) *********β [[Ankylosauridae]] (characterized by flat scutes) **********β [[Ankylosaurinae]] (club-tailed ankylosaurids) ******β [[Neornithischia]] ("new ornithischians") *******β [[Pyrodontia]] ("fire teeth") ********β [[Thescelosauridae]] ("wondrous lizards") *********β [[Orodrominae]] (burrowers) *********β [[Thescelosaurinae]] (large thescelosaurids) ********β [[Cerapoda]] ("horned feet") *********β [[Marginocephalia]] (characterized by a cranial growth) **********β [[Pachycephalosauria]] (bipeds with domed or knobby growth on skulls) **********β [[Ceratopsia]] (bipeds and quadrupeds; many had neck frills and horns) ***********β [[Chaoyangsauridae]] (small, frill-less basal ceratopsians) ***********β [[Neoceratopsia]] ("new ceratopsians") ************β [[Leptoceratopsidae]] (little to no frills, hornless, with robust jaws) ************β [[Protoceratopsidae]] (basal ceratopsians with small frills and stubby horns) *************β [[Ceratopsoidea]] (large-horned ceratopsians) **************β [[Ceratopsidae]] (large, elaborately ornamented ceratopsians) ***************β [[Chasmosaurinae]] (ceratopsids with enlarged brow horns) ***************β [[Centrosaurinae]] (ceratopsids mostly characterized by frill and nasal ornamentation) ****************β [[Nasutoceratopsini]] (centrosaurines with enlarged nasal cavities) ****************β [[Centrosaurini]] (centrosaurines with enlarged nasal horns) ****************β [[Pachyrhinosaurini]] (mostly had nasal bosses instead of horns) *********β [[Ornithopoda]] (various sizes; bipeds and quadrupeds; evolved a method of chewing using skull flexibility and numerous teeth) **********β [[Hypsilophodontidae]] (small European neornithischians) **********β [[Iguanodontia]] ("iguana teeth"; advanced ornithopods) ***********β [[Rhabdodontomorpha]] (with distinctive dentition) ************β [[Tenontosauridae]] (North American rhabdodontomorphs; bipeds and quadrupeds) ************β [[Rhabdodontidae]] (European rhabdodontomorphs) ***********β [[Euiguanodontia]] ("true iguanodonts") ************β [[Elasmaria]] (mostly southern ornithopods with mineralized plates along the ribs; may be thescelosaurids) ************β [[Dryomorpha]] (''[[Dryosaurus]]'' and more advanced ornithopods) *************β [[Dryosauridae]] (mid-sized, small headed) **************β [[Ankylopollexia]] (early members mid-sized, stocky) ***************β [[Styracosterna]] ("spiked [[Sternum|sterna]]") ****************β [[Hadrosauriformes]] (ancestrally had a thumb spike; large quadrupedal herbivores, with teeth merged into dental batteries) *****************β [[Hadrosauromorpha]] (hadrosaurids and their closest relatives) ******************β [[Hadrosauridae]] ("duck-billed dinosaurs"; often with crests) *******************β [[Saurolophinae]] (hadrosaurids with solid, small, no crests) ********************β [[Brachylophosaurini]] (short-crested) ********************β [[Kritosaurini]] (enlarged, solid nasal crests) ********************β [[Saurolophini]] (small, spike-like crests) ********************β [[Edmontosaurini]] (flat-headed saurolophines) *******************β [[Lambeosaurinae]] (hadrosaurids often with hollow crests) ********************β [[Aralosaurini]] (solid-crested) ********************β [[Tsintaosaurini]] (vertical, tube-like crests) ********************β [[Parasaurolophini]] (long, backwards-arcing crests) ********************β [[Lambeosaurini]] (usually rounded crests) **[[Saurischia]] ***β [[Herrerasauridae]] (early bipedal carnivores) ***β [[Sauropodomorpha]] (herbivores with small heads, long necks, and long tails) ****β [[Unaysauridae]] (primitive, strictly bipedal "prosauropods") ****β [[Plateosauria]] (diverse; bipeds and quadrupeds) *****β [[Massopoda]] ("heavy feet") ******β [[Massospondylidae]] (long-necked, primitive sauropodomorphs) ******β [[Riojasauridae]] (large, primitive sauropodomorphs) *******β [[Sauropodiformes]] (heavy, bipeds and quadrupeds) ********β [[Sauropoda]] (very large and heavy; quadrupedal) *********β [[Lessemsauridae]] (gigantic yet lacking several weight-saving adaptations) *********β [[Gravisauria]] ("heavy lizards") **********β [[Eusauropoda]] ("true sauropods") ***********β [[Turiasauria]] (often large, widespread sauropods) ***********β [[Neosauropoda]] ("new sauropods"; columnar limbs) ************β [[Diplodocoidea]] (skulls and tails elongated; teeth typically narrow and pencil-like) *************β [[Rebbachisauridae]] (short-necked, low-browsing diplodocoids often with high backs) *************β [[Flagellicaudata]] (whip-tailed) **************β [[Dicraeosauridae]] (small, short-necked diplodocoids with enlarged cervical and dorsal vertebrae) **************β [[Diplodocidae]] (extremely long-necked) ***************β [[Apatosaurinae]] (robust cervical vertebrae) ***************β [[Diplodocinae]] (long, thin necks) ************β [[Macronaria]] (boxy skulls; spoon- or pencil-shaped teeth) *************β [[Titanosauriformes]] ("titan lizard forms") **************β [[Brachiosauridae]] (long-necked, long-armed macronarians) **************β [[Somphospondyli]] ("porous vertebrae") ***************β [[Euhelopodidae]] (stocky, mostly Asian) ***************β [[Diamantinasauria]] (horse-like skulls; restricted to the Southern Hemisphere; may be titanosaurs) ***************β [[Titanosauria]] (diverse; stocky, with wide hips; most common in the Late Cretaceous of southern continents) ***[[Theropoda]] (carnivorous) ****[[Neotheropoda]] ("new theropods") *****β [[Coelophysoidea]] (early theropods; includes ''[[Coelophysis]]'' and close relatives) *****β "Dilophosaur-grade neotheropods" (larger kink-snouted dinosaurs) *****[[Averostra]] ("bird snouts") ******β [[Ceratosauria]] (generally elaborately horned carnivores that existed from the Jurassic to Cretaceous periods, originally included Coelophysoidea) *******β [[Ceratosauridae]] (ceratosaurs with large teeth) *******β [[Abelisauroidea]] (ceratosaurs exemplified by reduced arms and hands) ********β [[Abelisauridae]] (large abelisauroids with short arms and oftentimes elaborate facial ornamentation) ********β [[Noasauridae]] (diverse, generally light theropods; may include several obscure taxa) *********β [[Elaphrosaurinae]] (bird-like; omnivorous as juveniles but herbivorous as adults) *********β [[Noasaurinae]] (small carnivores) ******[[Tetanurae]] (stiff-tailed dinosaurs) *******β [[Megalosauroidea]] (early group of large carnivores) ********β [[Piatnitzkysauridae]] (small basal megalosauroids endemic to the Americas) ********β [[Megalosauridae]] (large megalosauroids with powerful arms and hands) ********β [[Spinosauridae]] (crocodile-like, semiaquatic carnivores) *******[[Avetheropoda]] ("bird theropods") ********β [[Carnosauria]] (large meat-eating dinosaurs; megalosauroids sometimes included) *********β [[Metriacanthosauridae]] (primitive Asian allosauroids) *********β [[Allosauridae]] (''[[Allosaurus]]'' and its very closest relatives) *********β [[Carcharodontosauridae]] (robust allosauroids; includes some of the largest purely terrestrial carnivores) ********[[Coelurosauria]] (feathered theropods, with a range of body sizes and niches) *********β [[Megaraptora]]? (theropods with large hand claws; potentially tyrannosauroids or neovenatorids) *********β "Nexus of basal coelurosaurs" (used by Tweet to denote well-known taxa with unstable positions at the base of Coelurosauria) *********[[Tyrannoraptora]] ("tyrant thieves") **********β [[Tyrannosauroidea]] (mostly large, primitive coelurosaurs) ***********β [[Proceratosauridae]] (tyrannosauroids with head crests) ***********β [[Tyrannosauridae]] (''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'' and close relatives) **********[[Maniraptoriformes]] (bird-like dinosaurs) ***********β [[Ornithomimosauria]] (small-headed, mostly toothless, omnivorous or possible herbivores) ************β [[Ornithomimidae]] (very ostrich-like dinosaurs) ***********[[Maniraptora]] (dinosaurs with pennaceous feathers) ************β [[Alvarezsauroidea]] (small hunters with reduced forelimbs) *************β [[Alvarezsauridae]] (insectivores with only one enlarged digit) ************β [[Therizinosauria]] (tall, long-necked theropods; omnivores and herbivores) *************β [[Therizinosauroidea]] (larger therizinosaurs) **************β [[Therizinosauridae]] (sloth-like herbivores, often with enlarged claws) ************β [[Oviraptorosauria]] (omnivorous, beaked dinosaurs) *************β [[Caudipteridae]] (bird-like, basal oviraptorosaurs) *************β [[Caenagnathoidea]] (cassowary-like oviraptorosaurs) **************β [[Caenagnathidae]] (toothless oviraptorosaurs known from North America and Asia) **************β [[Oviraptoridae]] (characterized by two bony projections at the back of the mouth; exclusive to Asia) ************[[Paraves]] (avialans and their closest relatives) *************β [[Scansoriopterygidae]] (small tree-climbing theropods with membranous wings) *************β [[Deinonychosauria]] (toe-clawed dinosaurs; may not form a natural group) **************β [[Archaeopterygidae]] (small, winged theropods or primitive birds) **************β [[Troodontidae]] (omnivores; enlarged brain cavities) **************β [[Dromaeosauridae]] ("raptors") ***************β [[Microraptoria]] (characterized by large wings on both the arms and legs; may have been capable of powered flight) ***************β [[Eudromaeosauria]] (hunters with greatly enlarged sickle claws) **************β [[Unenlagiidae]] (piscivores; may be dromaeosaurids) ***************β [[Halszkaraptorinae]] (duck-like; potentially semiaquatic) ***************β [[Unenlagiinae]] (long-snouted) *************[[Avialae]] (modern birds and extinct relatives)
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