Editing Diaspora (section)

==21st century==
===Middle East===
{{See also|2015 European migrant crisis|Refugees of the Syrian Civil War}}
[[File:Refugees on a boat crossing the Mediterranean sea, heading from Turkish coast to the northeastern Greek island of Lesbos, 29 January 2016.jpg|thumb|Migrants crossing the [[Aegean Sea]] from Turkey to the Greek island of [[Lesbos]] during the [[2015 European migrant crisis]]]]

The [[2015 European migrant crisis]] was a period of significantly increased movement of [[refugee]]s and [[Human migration|migrants]] into Europe, namely from the [[Middle East]]. An estimated 1.3 million people came to the continent to request [[Right of asylum|asylum]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953843642 |title=The migrant crisis: European perspectives and national discourses |date=2017 |editor1-first=Melani |editor1-last=Barlai |editor2-first=Birte |editor2-last=Fähnrich |editor3-first=Christina |editor3-last=Griessler |editor4-first=Markus |editor4-last=Rhomberg |others=Peter Filzmaier (preface) |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-643-90802-5  |oclc=953843642 |access-date=23 August 2021 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224122545/https://search.worldcat.org/title/953843642 |url-status=live }}</ref> the most in a single year since [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dumont|first1=Jean-Christophe|last2=Scarpet|first2=Stefano|date=September 2015|title=Is this humanitarian migration crisis different?|url=https://www.oecd.org/migration/Is-this-refugee-crisis-different.pdf|journal=Migration Policy Debates|publisher=[[OECD]]|access-date=23 August 2021|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730232111/https://www.oecd.org/migration/Is-this-refugee-crisis-different.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> They were mostly [[Refugees of the Syrian Civil War|Syrians]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ayaz |first1=Ameer |last2=Wadood |first2=Abdul |date=Summer 2020 |title=An Analysis of European Union Policy towards Syrian Refugees |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/1-v27_2_2020.pdf |journal=Journal of Political Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=1–19 |eissn=2308-8338 |id={{ProQuest|2568033477}} |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130010616/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/1-v27_2_2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> but also included a significant number of people from [[Afghan refugees|Afghanistan]], [[Pakistanis|Pakistan]], [[Refugees of Iraq|Iraq]], [[Nigeria]], [[Eritreans|Eritrea]],<ref>{{cite web|date=30 November 2016|title=FACTBOX-How big is Europe's refugee and migrant crisis?|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20161130143409-nr3lz|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] Foundation News|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016204043/https://news.trust.org/item/20161130143409-nr3lz|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Balkan people|Balkans]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Migrant crisis: Explaining the exodus from the Balkans|work=BBC News|date=8 September 2015|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34173252|access-date=9 March 2022|archive-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309153841/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34173252|url-status=live}}</ref> The increase in asylum seekers has been attributed to factors such as the escalation of various wars in the [[Middle East]] and [[Islamic State|ISIL]]'s territorial and military dominance in the region due to the [[Arab Winter]], as well as Lebanon, Jordan, and Egypt ceasing to accept Syrian asylum seekers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zaragoza-Cristiani |first=Jonathan |date=2015 |title=Analysing the Causes of the Refugee Crisis and the Key Role of Turkey: Why Now and Why So Many? |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/38226/RSCAS_2015_95.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=EUI Working Papers |publisher=Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies |access-date=7 August 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807031505/https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/38226/RSCAS_2015_95.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The EU attempted to enact some measures to address the problem,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hatton |first=Tim |url=https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/550/pdfs/european-asylum-policy-before-and-after-the-migration-crisis.pdf |title=European asylum policy before and after the migration crisis |publisher=IZA World of Labor |year=2020 |language=en |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519145138/https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/550/pdfs/european-asylum-policy-before-and-after-the-migration-crisis.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> including distributing refugees among member countries, tackling root causes of emigration in the home countries of migrants, and simplifying deportation processes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Nugent |first=Neil |title=The government and politics of the European Union |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-137-45409-6 |edition=8th |pages=1–20 |chapter=Setting the Scene: The ‘Crises’, the Challenges, and Their Implications for the Nature and Operation of the EU}}</ref> However, due to a lack of political coordination at the European level, the distribution of countries was unequal, with some countries taking in many more refugees than others.

The initial responses of national governments varied greatly.<ref name=":1" /> Many [[European Union]] (EU) governments reacted by closing their borders, and most countries refused to take in the arriving refugees. Germany would ultimately accept most of the refugees after the government decided to temporarily suspend its enforcement of the [[Dublin Regulation]]. Germany would receive over 440,000 asylum applications (0.5% of the population). Other countries that took in a significant number of refugees include Hungary (174,000; 1.8%), Sweden (156,000; 1.6%) and Austria (88,000; 1.0%).

The crisis had significant political consequences in Europe. The influx of migrants caused significant demographic and cultural changes in these countries. As a consequence, the public showed anxiety towards the sudden influx of immigrants, often expressing concerns over a perceived danger to European values.<ref name=":11">{{cite book|last1=Bowen|first1=John|title=European states and their Muslim citizens : the impact of institutions on perceptions and boundaries|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-107-03864-6}}</ref> Political polarization increased,<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|last=Connor|first=Phillip|date=19 September 2018|title=Europeans support taking in refugees – but not EU's handling of issue|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/09/19/a-majority-of-europeans-favor-taking-in-refugees-but-most-disapprove-of-eus-handling-of-the-issue/|url-status=live|access-date=13 July 2021|website=[[Pew Research Center]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920043810/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/09/19/a-majority-of-europeans-favor-taking-in-refugees-but-most-disapprove-of-eus-handling-of-the-issue/ |archive-date=20 September 2018 }}</ref> confidence in the European Union fell,<ref name="Oxford">{{cite web|last1=Outhwaite|first1=William|date=28 February 2019|editor1-last=Menjívar|editor1-first=Cecilia|editor2-last=Ruiz|editor2-first=Marie|editor3-last=Ness|editor3-first=Immanuel|title=Migration Crisis and "Brexit"|url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190856908.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190856908-e-7|website=The Oxford Handbook of Migration Crises|publisher=Oxford Handbooks|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190856908.001.0001|isbn=9780190856908|access-date=24 February 2024|archive-date=14 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514004151/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190856908.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190856908-e-7|url-status=live}}</ref> and many countries tightened their asylum laws. [[Right-wing populist]] parties capitalized on public anxiety and became significantly more popular in many countries. There was an increase in protests regarding immigration and the circulation of the [[white nationalist]] conspiracy theory of the [[Great Replacement]].<ref name=":22">{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Thomas Chatterton |title=The French Origins of "You Will Not Replace Us" |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/04/the-french-origins-of-you-will-not-replace-us |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=24 February 2024 |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190814185144/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/04/the-french-origins-of-you-will-not-replace-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Nonetheless, despite the political consequences, a 2023 study leveraging quantified economic metrics (such as chained GDP and the inflation rate) concluded that the events ultimately resulted in a “low but positive impact” to the German economy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Solinsky |first=Irish |date=2023-02-03 |title=The 2015 Migrant Crisis: An Impact to Germany? |url=https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/4132/ |journal=Doctoral Dissertations and Projects}}</ref>

===Venezuelan refugee crisis===
{{main|Venezuelan refugee crisis}}
[[File:©UNICEF-ECU-2018-Arcos.jpg|thumb|[[Venezuelan refugee crisis|Venezuelan refugees]] in 2018]]

The [[Venezuelan refugee crisis]], the [[List of largest refugee crises|largest recorded refugee crisis]] in the [[Americas]],<ref name="WPfeb18">
{{bullet}}{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-collapse-in-venezuela-is-creating-a-refugee-crisis/2018/02/23/68b85c7e-1807-11e8-8b08-027a6ccb38eb_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224013027/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-collapse-in-venezuela-is-creating-a-refugee-crisis/2018/02/23/68b85c7e-1807-11e8-8b08-027a6ccb38eb_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 24, 2018|title=Latin-America's worst-ever refugee crisis: Venezuelans|last1=Board|first1=Editorial|date=February 23, 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=February 25, 2018|quote=This human outflow, ... is the largest displacement of people in Latin American history}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/09/magazine/leopoldo-lopez-speaks-out-and-venezuelas-government-cracks-down.html|title=Leopoldo López Speaks Out, and Venezuela's Government Cracks Down|last=Hylton|first=Wil S.|date=March 9, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 12, 2018|issn=0362-4331|quote=Venezuela is the most urgent humanitarian disaster in the Western Hemisphere, producing the largest exodus of refugees in the history of the Americas|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512110010/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/09/magazine/leopoldo-lopez-speaks-out-and-venezuelas-government-cracks-down.html|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1c71833c-9f28-487d-90ad-5616779aca29|title=Venezuela's mounting refugee crisis|date=April 20, 2018|website=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=April 22, 2018|archive-date=April 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412193100/https://www.ft.com/content/1c71833c-9f28-487d-90ad-5616779aca29|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/talktojazeera/inthefield/2018/09/venezuela-exodus-forced-flee-180914083345729.html|title=Venezuela's exodus: Forced to flee|date=September 15, 2018|website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=September 15, 2018|quote=Latin America is facing the largest refugee crisis in its history as hundreds of thousands of people flee Venezuela to escape severe economic hardship.|archive-date=September 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922214638/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/talktojazeera/inthefield/2018/09/venezuela-exodus-forced-flee-180914083345729.html|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/17/world/americas/venezuela-economy.html|title=Venezuela's Collapse Is the Worst Outside of War in Decades, Economists Say|last=Kurmanaev|first=Anatoly|date=May 17, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 18, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|quote=Venezuela has lost a tenth of its population in the past two years as people fled, even trekking across mountains, setting off Latin America's biggest ever refugee crisis.|archive-date=January 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114124151/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/17/world/americas/venezuela-economy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> refers to the emigration of millions of [[Venezuelans]] from their native country during the presidencies of [[Hugo Chávez]] and [[Nicolás Maduro]] since the [[Bolivarian Revolution]].<ref name=EUdiaspora>{{cite news|last1=Olivares|first1=Francisco|title=Best and brightest for export|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/140913/best-and-brightest-for-export|access-date=September 24, 2014|agency=El Universal|quote=The Bolivarian diaspora is a reversal of fortune on a massive scale|date=September 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916011441/http://www.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/140913/best-and-brightest-for-export|archive-date=September 16, 2014}}</ref><ref name=NEWSWEEKdiaspora>{{cite news|title=Hugo Chavez is Scaring Away Talent|url=http://www.newsweek.com/hugo-chavez-scaring-away-talent-80337|access-date=September 24, 2014|agency=[[Newsweek]]|quote=The Bolivarian diaspora is a reversal of fortune on a massive scale|date=June 30, 2009|archive-date=March 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310043709/http://www.newsweek.com/hugo-chavez-scaring-away-talent-80337|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>

{{bullet}} {{cite news|last1=Maria Delgado|first1=Antonio|title=Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros|url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html|access-date=August 28, 2014|agency=El Nuevo Herald|quote=The massive emigration of Venezuelans, a trend that was unprecedented in the republican history of the nation, is mainly motivated by personal insecurity, legal insecurity and lack of options to progress under the Bolivarian regime|date=August 28, 2014|archive-date=August 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827193549/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last1=Weddle|first1=Cody|title=More desperate college grads flee Venezuela|url=https://www.local10.com/news/international/more-desperate-college-grads-flee-venezuela-|access-date=October 15, 2017|work=[[WPLG]]|date=March 18, 2017|quote=some academics refer to the exodus in its totality as the Bolivarian diaspora|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142049/https://www.local10.com/news/international/more-desperate-college-grads-flee-venezuela-|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last1=Wyss|first1=Jim|title=As Venezuela faces critical week, Colombia prepares for a wave of migrants|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/colombia/article163600573.html|access-date=October 15, 2017|work=[[The Miami Herald]]|date=July 25, 2017|quote=And as conditions in Venezuela worsen, the “Bolivarian Diaspora” is likely to keep growing. One measure of the desperation:the number of Venezuelans seeking asylum abroad tripled from 2015 to 2016.|archive-date=May 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504200400/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/colombia/article163600573.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news|last1=Manner|first1=Benedict|title=A family bereavement brings home Venezuela's crisis|url=https://www.ft.com/content/0edaceac-914e-11e7-bdfa-eda243196c2c|access-date=October 15, 2017|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=September 5, 2017|quote=Like the rest of the '[[Bolivarian diaspora]]' dotted around the globe, it has been impossible to escape the asphyxiating drama|archive-date=September 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922191110/https://www.ft.com/content/0edaceac-914e-11e7-bdfa-eda243196c2c|url-status=live}}

</ref> The revolution was an attempt by Chávez and later Maduro to establish a [[Cultural hegemony|cultural]] and [[Hegemony|political hegemony]],<ref name="PALABRA">{{cite journal|last1=Canelón-Silva|first1=Agrivalca Ramsenia|date=2014|title=Del Estado Comunicador Al Estado De Los Medios. Catorce Años De Hegemonía Comunicacional En Venezuela.|journal=Palabra Clave|publisher=[[University of La Sabana]]|volume=17|issue=4|pages=1243–78|doi=10.5294/pacla.2014.17.4.11|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="CarrollSTRATEGY">{{cite book|title=Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela|last1=Rory|first1=Carroll|date=2014|publisher=New York|isbn=978-0143124887|location=Penguin Books|pages=182–94}}</ref> which culminated in the [[crisis in Venezuela]].<ref name="CHOSUN2">{{Cite news|url=http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/05/02/2018050201490.html|title=화폐경제 무너졌는데…최저임금 인상에 목매는 베네수엘라|last=남민우|first=기|date=May 2, 2018|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo|朝鮮日報]]|access-date=May 22, 2018|language=ko|quote=''Venezuela's fall is considered to be mainly caused by the populist policy ... Venezuela, for decades, has increased the number of public sector employees and has promoted populist support to maintain the regime''|archive-date=October 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004140917/http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/05/02/2018050201490.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The resulting refugee crisis has been compared to those faced by [[Cuban exile]]s, [[Refugees of the Syrian Civil War|Syrian refugees]] and those affected by the [[European migrant crisis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oner |first=Imdat |date=2018-09-20 |title=Latin America is facing its worst refugee crisis in its history. Will it repeat the EU's mistakes regarding Syrian refugees? |url=https://globalamericans.org/latin-america-is-facing-its-worst-refugee-crisis-in-its-history-will-it-repeat-the-eus-mistakes-regarding-syrian-refugees/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Global Americans |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/world/wp/2018/03/02/feature/i-cant-go-back-venezuelans-are-fleeing-their-crisis-torn-country-en-masse/|title='I can't go back': Venezuelans are fleeing their crisis-torn country en masse|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=April 7, 2018|archive-date=December 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207194129/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/world/wp/2018/03/02/feature/i-cant-go-back-venezuelans-are-fleeing-their-crisis-torn-country-en-masse/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite news|url=https://www.devex.com/news/venezuela-crisis-is-on-the-scale-of-syria-unhcr-says-93465|title=Venezuela crisis is 'on the scale of Syria,' UNHCR says|last1=Welsh|first1=Teresa|date=September 19, 2018|access-date=September 21, 2018|agency=Devex|archive-date=January 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117033614/https://www.devex.com/news/venezuela-crisis-is-on-the-scale-of-syria-unhcr-says-93465|url-status=live}}</ref> The Bolivarian government has denied any migratory crisis, stating that the United Nations and others are attempting to justify foreign intervention within Venezuela.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/venezuelan-government-denies-facing-migration-crisis-180904052444786.html|title=Venezuela government denies facing migration crisis|date=September 4, 2018|website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=September 4, 2018|archive-date=September 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904091813/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/venezuelan-government-denies-facing-migration-crisis-180904052444786.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Newsweek]]'' described the "Bolivarian diaspora" as "a reversal of fortune on a massive scale", where the reversal refers to Venezuela's high immigration rate during the 20th century.<ref name=NEWSWEEKdiaspora /> Initially, upper class Venezuelans and scholars emigrated during Chávez's presidency, but middle- and lower-class Venezuelans began to leave as conditions worsened in the country.<ref name="CSMbrazil">{{cite news|last1=LaFranchi|first1=Howard|title=Why time is ripe for US to address Venezuela's mess|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2016/1102/Why-time-is-ripe-for-US-to-address-Venezuela-s-mess|access-date=November 4, 2016|work=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|date=November 2, 2016|archive-date=June 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620160008/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2016/1102/Why-time-is-ripe-for-US-to-address-Venezuela-s-mess|url-status=live}}</ref> This has caused a [[brain drain]] that affects the nation, due to the large number of emigrants who are educated or skilled.<ref name=ENHaug28>{{cite news|last1=Maria Delgado|first1=Antonio|title=Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros|url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html|access-date=August 28, 2014|agency=El Nuevo Herald|quote=The massive emigration of Venezuelans, a trend that was unprecedented in the republican history of the nation, is mainly motivated by personal insecurity, legal insecurity and lack of options to progress under the Bolivarian regime|date=August 28, 2014|archive-date=August 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827193549/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Elimpulso23AUG>{{cite news|title=El 90% de los venezolanos que se van tienen formación universitaria|url=http://elimpulso.com/articulo/el-90-de-los-venezolanos-que-se-van-tienen-formacion-universitaria#|access-date=August 28, 2014|agency=El Impulso|date=August 23, 2014|archive-date=October 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017034551/http://elimpulso.com/articulo/el-90-de-los-venezolanos-que-se-van-tienen-formacion-universitaria|url-status=live}}</ref> During the crisis, Venezuelans have been asked about their desire to leave their native country;<ref name="BLOOMdec2014">{{cite news|last1=Pitts|first1=Pietro D.|last2=Rosati|first2=Andrew|title=Venezuela's Oil Industry Exodus Slowing Crude Production: Energy|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-04/venezuela-s-oil-industry-exodus-slowing-crude-production-energy.html|access-date=January 24, 2015|agency=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|date=December 4, 2014|archive-date=December 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225052721/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-04/venezuela-s-oil-industry-exodus-slowing-crude-production-energy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> over 30&nbsp;percent of respondents to a December 2015 survey said that they planned to permanently leave Venezuela.<ref name="IBTdec2015">{{cite news|last1=Lee|first1=Brianna|title=Venezuela Elections 2015: Why Venezuelans Are Fleeing The Country|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/venezuela-elections-2015-why-venezuelans-are-fleeing-country-2204442|access-date=December 30, 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=December 2, 2015|archive-date=December 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209154605/https://www.ibtimes.com/venezuela-elections-2015-why-venezuelans-are-fleeing-country-2204442|url-status=live}}</ref> The percentage nearly doubled the following September as, according to Datincorp, 57 percent of respondents wanted to leave the country.<ref name="BLOOMsept2016">{{cite news|last1=Margolis|first1=Mac|title=Latin America Has a Different Migration Problem|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-14/latin-america-has-a-different-migration-problem|access-date=September 22, 2016|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|date=September 14, 2016|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145954/https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-14/latin-america-has-a-different-migration-problem|url-status=live}}</ref> By mid-2019, over four million Venezuelans had emigrated since the revolution began in 1999.<ref>{{cite news |title=Refugees and migrants from Venezuela top 4 million: UNHCR and IOM |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2019/6/5cfa2a4a4/refugees-migrants-venezuela-top-4-million-unhcr-iom.html |website=UNHCR |publisher=UNHCR, IOM |access-date=June 10, 2019 |date=June 7, 2019 |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217015432/https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2019/6/5cfa2a4a4/refugees-migrants-venezuela-top-4-million-unhcr-iom.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=LPgracias>{{cite news|title=Gracias a las malas políticas del Gobierno bolivariano, más de 4 millones de venezolanos se han ido del país (encuesta)|url=https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2018/01/19/gracias-a-las-malas-politicas-del-gobierno-bolivariano-mas-de-4-millones-de-venezolanos-se-han-ido-del-pais-encuesta/|access-date=January 20, 2018|work=[[La Patilla]]|date=January 19, 2018|language=es-ES|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141723/https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2018/01/19/gracias-a-las-malas-politicas-del-gobierno-bolivariano-mas-de-4-millones-de-venezolanos-se-han-ido-del-pais-encuesta/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WSJfeb18">{{cite news|last1=Forero|first1=Juan|last2=Protti|first2=Tommaso|title=Venezuela's Misery Fuels Migration on Epic Scale|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelas-misery-fuels-migration-on-epic-scale-1518517800|access-date=February 13, 2018|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=February 13, 2018|archive-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115223031/https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelas-misery-fuels-migration-on-epic-scale-1518517800|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Bolivarian diaspora - Colombia 2018.jpg|thumb|Officers of the [[National Police of Colombia]] leading Venezuelan refugees from [[San Antonio del Táchira]], Venezuela, toward [[Villa del Rosario, Norte de Santander]], Colombia.]]

The [[United Nations]] predicted that by the end of 2019, there would have been over 5&nbsp;million recorded emigrants during the Venezuelan crisis, over 15% of the population.<ref name=FTstatsjune2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ff6053e4-92b2-11e9-aea1-2b1d33ac3271|title=More than 5m set to flee Venezuela by end of this year|date=June 19, 2019|access-date=June 19, 2019|website=[[Financial Times]]|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107232928/https://www.ft.com/content/ff6053e4-92b2-11e9-aea1-2b1d33ac3271|url-status=live}}</ref> A late-2018 study by the [[Brookings Institution]] suggested that emigration would reach 6 million – approximately 20% of Venezuela's 2017 population – by the end of 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2018/12/10/how-many-more-migrants-and-refugees-can-we-expect-out-of-venezuela/|title=How many more migrants and refugees can we expect out of Venezuela?|last1=Bahar|first1=Dany|last2=Barrios|first2=Douglas|date=December 10, 2018|website=Brookings|language=en-US|access-date=September 22, 2019|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307233822/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2018/12/10/how-many-more-migrants-and-refugees-can-we-expect-out-of-venezuela/|url-status=live}}</ref> with a mid-2019 poll by Consultares 21 estimating that up to 6&nbsp;million Venezuelans had fled the country by this point;<ref name=MHaug19>{{cite news |last1=Wyss |first1=Jim |title=A nation is vanishing: Has Venezuela lost almost 20&nbsp;percent of its population? |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article233947387.html |access-date=August 15, 2019 |work=[[Miami Herald]] |date=August 13, 2019 |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107232640/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article233947387.html |url-status=live }}</ref> estimates going into 2020 suggested that the number of Venezuelan migrants and refugees was overtaking the 6&nbsp;million figure,<ref name="bloomberg20sep" /> at this time the same number of [[Refugees of the Syrian Civil War|refugees from the Syrian Civil War]], which started years before the recorded Venezuelan crisis and was considered the worst humanitarian disaster in the world at the time.<ref name="bloomberg20sep">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-20/venezuela-exodus-as-big-as-syria-s-got-1-5-of-the-aid-chart|title=Venezuela Exodus Is as Big as Syria's, Yet Got 1.5% of the Aid|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|date=September 20, 2019|access-date=September 22, 2019|last1=Fieser|first1=Ezra|last2=Moran|first2=Nancy|archive-date=December 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220140741/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-20/venezuela-exodus-as-big-as-syria-s-got-1-5-of-the-aid-chart|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Syrian Refugees">{{cite news|url=http://www.middleeaststar.com/index.php/sid/225225113|title=Syrian refugees biggest humanitarian crisis|date=August 28, 2014|work=Middle East Star|access-date=August 30, 2014|archive-date=March 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314172456/http://www.middleeaststar.com/index.php/sid/225225113|url-status=live}}</ref> Estimates had risen to 7.1&nbsp;million by October 2022, over 20 percent [[Demographics of Venezuela|of the country's population]].<ref name="2022bbc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63279800 |title=Venezuela crisis: 7.1m leave country since 2015 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |access-date=2022-10-17 |date=2022-10-17 |first=Vanessa |last=Buschschlüter}}</ref>

The [[Norwegian Refugee Council]], the [[Brookings Institution]] and the [[Organization of American States]] commissioner for the Venezuelan refugee crisis, [[David Smolansky]], have estimated that the crisis is also one of the most underfunded refugee crisis in modern history.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=Horrors in the Darién Gap should prompt more support for Venezuelans and other refugees and migrants |url=https://www.nrc.no/news/2022/december/horrors-in-the-darien-gap-should-prompt-more-support-for-venezuelans-and-other-refugees-and-migrants/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=[[Norwegian Refugee Council]]}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite news|last=Dooley|first=Dany Bahar and Meagan|date=2019-12-09|title=Venezuela refugee crisis to become the largest and most underfunded in modern history|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2019/12/09/venezuela-refugee-crisis-to-become-the-largest-and-most-underfunded-in-modern-history/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=[[Brookings Institution]]|archive-date=June 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614180936/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2019/12/09/venezuela-refugee-crisis-to-become-the-largest-and-most-underfunded-in-modern-history/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite news|date=2021-01-03|title="Ha faltado cooperación de internacional con refugiados venezolanos"|url=https://www.elnacional.com/venezuela/ha-faltado-cooperacion-de-la-comunidad-internacional-con-refugiados-venezolanos/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=[[El Nacional (Venezuela)|El Nacional]]|language=es|archive-date=June 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614180932/https://www.elnacional.com/venezuela/ha-faltado-cooperacion-de-la-comunidad-internacional-con-refugiados-venezolanos/|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]], more than 7.7 million people have emigrated from Venezuela in the years corresponding to Maduro's rise to power and the consolidation of [[Chavismo]].<ref name="acnur1" /> From May to August 2023, 390,000 Venezuelans left their country, driven by despair over challenging living conditions, characterized by low wages, rampant inflation, lack of public services, and political repression. However, R4V suggests that these figures could be even higher, as many migrants without regular status are not included in the count.<ref name="gaceta">{{Cite web |title=Almost 8 million Venezuelans have been forced to leave their country due to the Maduro regime | date=21 September 2023 |url=https://gaceta.es/iberosfera/ejecuciones-arbitrarias-detenciones-y-tortura-la-onu-alerta-del-recrudecimiento-de-la-represion-en-venezuela-20230921-0315/?scroll-event=true}}</ref><ref name="acnur1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unhcr.org/emergencies/venezuela-situation|title=UNHCR, Venezuela situation }}</ref> The organization's calculation method is based on asylum requests and refugee registrations in each country, which might exclude those in irregular situations.<ref name="gaceta" /> Despite the upcoming presidential elections, hope is scarce among Venezuelans. Many fear that through manipulations and frauds, Maduro might "get re-elected" and remain in power for another six years, despite his unpopularity. In this scenario, emigration might continue to be a constant in Venezuela's near future.<ref name="gaceta" /><ref name="acnur1" />