Editing Developing country (section)

=== Government, politics and administration ===
Many developing countries have only attained full [[self-determination]] and [[democracy]] after the second half of the 20th century. Many were governed by an imperial European power until [[decolonization]]. Political systems in developing countries are diverse, but most states had established some form of [[Democracy|democratic governments]] by the early 21st century, with varying degrees of success and [[political liberty]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Palat|first1=Ravi Arvind|date=April 2010|title=World Turned Upside Down? Rise of the global South and the contemporary global financial turbulence|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=31|issue=3|pages=365–384|doi=10.1080/01436597.2010.488465 }}</ref> The inhabitants of developing countries were introduced to democratic systems later and more abruptly than their Northern counterparts and were sometimes targeted by governmental and non-governmental efforts to encourage participation. 'Effective [[citizenship]]' is defined by [[sociologist]] [[Patrick Heller]] as: "closing [the] gap between formal legal rights in the civil and political arena, and the actual capability to meaningfully practice those rights".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Heller|first1=Patrick|date=October 2012|title=Democracy, Participatory Politics and Development: Some Comparative Lessons from Brazil, India and South Africa|journal=Polity|volume=44|issue=4|pages=643–665|doi=10.1057/pol.2012.19 }}</ref>

Beyond citizenship, the study of the politics of cross-border mobility in developing countries has also shed valuable light in [[Human migration|migration]] debates, seen as a corrective to the traditional focus on developed countries.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haas|first1=Hein de|title=The age of migration: international population movements in the modern world|last2=Castles|first2=Stephen|last3=Miller|first3=Mark J|date=2020|isbn=978-1-352-00798-5|pages=96–123|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |oclc=1143614574}}</ref> Some political scientists identify a 'typology of nationalizing, developmental, and neoliberal migration management regimes' across developing countries.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Adamson|first1=Fiona B.|last2=Tsourapas|first2=Gerasimos|date=24 October 2019|title=The Migration State in the Global South: Nationalizing, Developmental, and Neoliberal Models of Migration Management|journal=International Migration Review|volume=54|issue=3|pages=853–882|doi=10.1177/0197918319879057|doi-access=free}}</ref>