Editing Deutsche Mark (section)

==Banknotes==
[[File:FRG-2a-Allied West Germany-1 Deutsche Mark (1948).jpg|thumb|One Deutsche Mark (1948), first series, [[Allied-occupied Germany|Allied military issue]]]]
There were four series of German mark banknotes:
* The first was issued in 1948 by the Allied military. There were denominations of DM{{frac|1|2}}, DM&nbsp;1, DM&nbsp;2, DM&nbsp;5, DM&nbsp;10, DM&nbsp;20, DM&nbsp;50 and DM&nbsp;100, with two designs of DM&nbsp;20 and DM&nbsp;50.
* The second series (BdL) was introduced in 1948 by the ''Bank deutscher Länder'', an institution of the western occupation government. The designs were similar to the [[US Dollar]] and [[French franc]], as the job of designing and printing the different denominations was shared between the [[Bank of France]] and the American Bank Note Company. There were denominations of 5pf and 10pf, DM&nbsp;5, DM&nbsp;10, DM&nbsp;20, DM&nbsp;50 and DM&nbsp;100 marks. The last of the banknotes (DM&nbsp;5 and DM&nbsp;10) were phased out by 31 July 1966.
* The third series (I/Ia BBk) was introduced in 1960 by the [[Bundesbank]], depicting neutral symbols, paintings by the German painters, and buildings. There were denominations of DM&nbsp;5, DM&nbsp;10, DM&nbsp;20, DM&nbsp;50, DM&nbsp;100, DM&nbsp;500 and DM&nbsp;1,000. The series ceased to be legal tender on 30 June 1995.
* The fourth (BBk III/III a) was introduced in 1990 by the Bundesbank to counter advances in [[forgery]] technology. The notes depicted German artists and scientists together with symbols and tools of their trade. This series added a DM200 denomination, to decrease the use of DM&nbsp;100 banknotes, which made up 54% of all circulating banknotes, and to fill the gap between the DM&nbsp;100 and DM&nbsp;500 denominations. In 1997–1998, new versions of DM&nbsp;50, DM&nbsp;100 and DM&nbsp;200 were issued with improved security elements.

The notes with a value greater than DM&nbsp;200 were rarely seen. A reserve series (BBk II) was commissioned on 1 July 1960, consisting of DM&nbsp;10, DM&nbsp;20, DM&nbsp;50 and DM&nbsp;100 banknotes. 670 million BBk II banknotes in value of 25 billion marks were printed. The notes were printed between 1963 and 1974 in fear if the Eastern Bloc would start systematically counterfeiting the BBk I series of banknotes to cripple the economy, then they would quickly be replaced by emergency notes. Another reserve series for West Berlin (BBk IIa) was commissioned on 1 July 1963, consisting of DM&nbsp;5, DM&nbsp;10, DM&nbsp;20, DM&nbsp;50 and DM&nbsp;100 banknotes. 115 million West Berlin banknotes were printed, total value 4 billion marks. 15 billion marks worth of the banknotes were held in Bundesbank's custom-built [[Bundesbank bunker|underground bunker]] in [[Cochem]] in [[Rheinland-Pfalz]], the rest was stored in Bundesbank's vault in [[Frankfurt]].

===Banknotes of the third series (BBk I/Ia)===
In 1957, with [[Bank deutscher Länder]] and the states' central banks merging to form the Bundesbank, new banknotes were being designed, as "Bank deutscher Länder" on the previous series was no longer correct. The previous series' notes had been made out of less durable paper and had a rather short life. While previously damaged notes could be replaced from reserve stocks, this stock was also coming to an end, necessitating a reprint.
[[File:Warnhinweis auf einer 1000 DM-Banknote (Serie 3).jpg|thumb|The penalty for counterfeiting and forgery of banknotes (imprisonment at least two years) appeared on the upper right corner of the reverse of all third series banknotes. Note this is the post-1970 variant, featuring "Freiheitsstrafe" ("imprisonment") instead of "Zuchthaus" (roughly "hard labour prison").]]
Typical security features at the time were guilloches, a multi-level head watermark and a security thread. Note numbers that fluoresced under UV light and green, yellow, and blue. 27 fluorescent fibers embedded in the paper appeared on most banknotes; however, some specimens without these features were in circulation. Starting in 1976, banknotes were equipped with machine-readable feature - a colorless inorganic oxide mixture applied to the security thread. Banknotes featuring that were designated BBk Ia within the Bundesbank. All banknotes of the third series bore the penalty for counterfeiting and forgery on the upper right corner of the reverse, from [[Strafgesetzbuch|German penal code]] section 146: "''Wer Banknoten nachmacht oder verfälscht, oder nachgemachte oder verfälschte sich verschafft und in Verkehr bringt, wird mit Zuchthaus/Freiheitsstrafe nicht unter zwei Jahren bestraft.''" ("Who falsifies or counterfeits banknotes, or procures falsified or counterfeit banknotes and releases them into circulation, is liable to imprisonment for at least two years".

The third series banknotes entered circulation on 10 February 1961, with the DM&nbsp;20 note. DM&nbsp;100 and DM&nbsp;50 followed next year, and DM&nbsp;5 and DM&nbsp;10 in 1963. High-denomination DM&nbsp;1000 and DM&nbsp;500 followed in 1964 and 1965, respectively.

The banknotes were printed exclusively in West Germany; in [[Bundesdruckerei]] in [[West Berlin]] and in [[Giesecke+Devrient]] in [[Munich]]. The third series banknotes ceased to be legal tender on 30 June 1995, when the fourth series notes had been in circulation for 3–5 years. There were a total of five issues of the third series, main differences being the dates, and signatures of the Presidents and Vice Presidents of Bundesbank:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zeitung|first=Süddeutsche|title=DM-Mark-Scheine mit Sammlerwert|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/euro-und-banknoten-dm-mark-scheine-mit-sammlerwert-1.502264|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Süddeutsche.de|date=17 May 2010 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GERMANY F.R.|url=http://banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/EUR/GFR/GFR.htm#DEUTSCHE%20BUNDESBANK|access-date=2021-09-23|website=banknote.ws}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Issue
!Date
!President
!Vice President
!Notable other changes
|-
|1
|2 January 1960
|[[Karl Blessing]]
|[[Heinrich Troeger]]
|
|-
|2
|2 January 1970
|[[Karl Klasen]]
|[[Otmar Emminger]]
|"Zuchthaus" has been replaced with "Freiheitsstrafe" following 1969 Great Penal Code Reform
|-
|3
|1 June 1977
|[[Otmar Emminger]]
|[[Karl Otto Pöhl]]
|Machine-readable "M" feature, now designated BBk Ia
|-
|4
|2 January 1980
|[[Karl Otto Pöhl]]
|[[Helmut Schlesinger]]
|
|-
|5
|2 January 1980
|[[Karl Otto Pöhl]]
|[[Helmut Schlesinger]]
|"Deutsche Bundesbank" copyright notice with year of the denomination's first issue added on the bottom of the reverse
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+1960 series<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 1986|title=Kursfähige Bundesbanknoten|url=https://www.bundesbank.de/resource/blob/599692/abdfa7bdfea472f8985c0c2ca06076cd/mL/banknoten-ausgabe-1-data.pdf|url-status=live|website=[[Deutsche Bundesbank]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809224420/https://www.bundesbank.de/resource/blob/599692/abdfa7bdfea472f8985c0c2ca06076cd/mL/banknoten-ausgabe-1-data.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-09 }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" | Image !! rowspan="2" | Dimensions 
! rowspan="2" |Paper color!! rowspan="2" | Main color !! colspan="2" | Description 
! colspan="2" |Date of
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse !! Obverse !! Reverse !! Issue !! Withdrawal
|-
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| 120×60&nbsp;mm
|Green
| Green
|''[[Portrait of a Venetian Woman]]'' by [[Albrecht Dürer]] (1505)
|A branch with oak leaves and acorns symbolizes ''German nature''
| 6/5/1963
| 30/6/1995
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:Banknote mit dem Nominalwert 10 Deutsche Mark (Serie 1961), Wertseite, ausgegeben 1980.jpg|frameless]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| 130×65&nbsp;mm
|Blue
| Blue
|''Beardless Young Man'' by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]] (1500)
|[[German training ship Gorch Fock (1958)|Training ship Gorch Fock]] symbolizes ''German cosmopolitanism''
| 21/10/1963
|30/6/1995
|-
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
| 140×70&nbsp;mm
|Green
| Green
|''Portrait of Elsbeth Tucher, née Pusch'' by [[Albrecht Dürer]] (1499)
| A [[violin]] and a [[clarinet]] symbolizes ''the world of German music''
| 10/2/1961
|30/6/1995
|-
| style="text-align:center" |[[File:50 DM Serie3 Vorderseite aligned cropped.jpg|alt=|220x220px]]
| style="text-align:center" | 
| 150×75&nbsp;mm
|Yellow
| Brown
|Portrait of Hans Urmiller from ''Portrait of Hans Urmiller and his Son'' by [[Barthel Beham]] (1525)
| [[Holstentor]] in [[Lübeck]] symbolizes ''German civic pride''
| 18/6/1962
|30/6/1995
|-
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 
| 160×80&nbsp;mm
|Blue
| Blue
|''Cosmograph [[Sebastian Münster]]'' by [[Christoph Amberger]] (1552)
| An [[eagle]] with stretched-out wings ([[Coat of arms of Germany|Federal Eagle]]) symbolizes ''German state awareness''
| 26/2/1962
|30/6/1995
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 
| style="text-align:center" | 
| 170×85&nbsp;mm
|Yellow
| Red 
|''Portrait of a beardless man'' by [[Hans Maler zu Schwaz]] (1521)
|[[Burg Eltz]] in [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] symbolizes ''German chivalry''
| 26/4/1965
|30/6/1995
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 
| style="text-align:center" | 
| 180×90&nbsp;mm
|Yellow
| Brown
|''Portrait of Dr. Johannes Scheyring'' by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]] (1529)
| [[Limburg Cathedral]] symbolizes ''[[Romanesque architecture]] in Germany''
|27/7/1964
|30/6/1995
|-
| colspan="9" |{{Standard banknote table notice|BrE=Y}}
|}

===Banknotes of the fourth series===
The design of German banknotes remained unchanged during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. During this period, forgery technology made significant advances and so, in the late 1980s, the Bundesbank decided to issue a new series of Deutsche Mark banknotes. The colours for each denomination remained unchanged from the previous series but the designs underwent significant changes and a DM&nbsp;200 denomination was introduced. Famous national artists and scientists were chosen to be portrayed on the new banknotes. Male and female artists were chosen in equal numbers. The buildings in the background of the notes' obverses had a close relationship to the person displayed (e.g., place of birth, place of death, place of work), as well as the second background picture (Lyra and the musician Schumann). The reverses of the notes refer to the work of the person on the obverse.

The new security features were: a windowed security thread (with the notes' denominations in microprinting), watermarks, microprinting, [[Intaglio (printmaking)|intaglio printing]] (viewing-angle dependent visibility as well as a [[Braille]] representation of the notes denomination), colour-shifting ink (on the DM&nbsp;500 and DM&nbsp;1000 denominations), a see-through registration device and ultraviolet-visible security features.

First to be issued were the DM&nbsp;100 and DM&nbsp;200 denominations on 1 October 1990 (although the banknote shows "[[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], 2. Januar 1989"). The next denomination was DM&nbsp;10 on 16 April 1991, followed by DM&nbsp;50 on 30 September 1991.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Linzmayer | first1 = Owen | title = The Banknote Book | chapter = Federal Republic of Germany | publisher = www.BanknoteNews.com | year = 2012 | location = San Francisco, CA | url = http://www.banknotebook.com | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120829063428/http://www.banknotebook.com/ | archive-date = 2012-08-29 }}</ref> Next was the DM&nbsp;20 note on 20 March 1992 (printed on 2 August 1991). The reason for this gradual introduction was, that public should become familiar with one single denomination, before introducing a new one. The change was finished with the introduction of the DM&nbsp;5, DM&nbsp;500, and DM&nbsp;1000 denominations on 27 October 1992. The DM&nbsp;500, and DM&nbsp;1000 denominations were rarely seen in circulation due to value and all were introduced in one step. With the advance of forgery technology, the Bundesbank decided to introduce additional security features on the most important denominations (DM&nbsp;50, DM&nbsp;100 and DM&nbsp;200) as of 1996. These were a hologram foil in the center of the note's obverse, a matted printing on the note's right obverse, showing its denomination (like on the reverse of the new [[euro banknotes]]), and the [[EURion constellation]] on the note's reverse. Furthermore, the colours were changed slightly to hamper counterfeiting.

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; font-size:89%; border-width:1px;"
! colspan=11 | Fourth series; BBk III/IIIa<ref>[http://www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilderstrecken/dm_banknoten_der_serie_bbk_3.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145313/http://www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/EN/Bilderstrecken/dm_banknoten_der_serie_bbk_3.html|date=14 July 2014}}</ref><br/>{{small|Designer: [[:de:Reinhold Gerstetter|Reinhold Gerstetter]]}}
|-
! colspan=2 | Image
! rowspan=2 | Value
! rowspan=2 | Euro<br/>{{abbr|equi.|equivalent}}
! rowspan=2 | Dimensions<br/>(mm)
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Main<br/>colour
! colspan=2 | Description
! rowspan=2 | Printed<br/>from
! rowspan=2 | First<br/>issued
|-
! Obverse
! Reverse
! Obverse<br/>{{small|person/historical city}}
! Reverse
|-
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:5 Mark (Obverse).jpg|65px]]
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:5 Mark (Reverse).jpg|65px]]
| DM 5
| align=center | €2.56
| align=center | 122 × 62
| style="background:#80C080;"|
| Green
| [[Bettina von Arnim]];<br/>[[Berlin]]
| [[Brandenburg Gate]]
| 1991
| 27/10/1992
|-
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:10 Mark (Obverse).jpg|70px]]
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:10 Mark (R).jpg|70px]]
| DM 10
| align=center | €5.11
| align=center | 130 × 65
| style="background:#C080FF;"|
| Purple
| [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]];<br/>[[Göttingen]]
| [[Sextant]]
| 1989–1999
| 16/4/1991
|-
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:20 Mark (Obverse).jpg|75px]]
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:20 Mark (R).jpg|75px]]
| DM 20
| align=center | €10.23
| align=center | 138 × 68
| style="background:#80E0E0;"|
| Aqua
| [[Annette von Droste-Hülshoff|Annette von Droste-<br/>Hülshoff]]; [[Meersburg]]
| [[Quill]]; [[Fagus sylvatica|European beech]]
| 1991–1993
| 20/3/1992
|-
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:50 Deutsche Mark (Obverse).jpg|alt=|80px]]
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:50 Deutsche Mark (Reverse).jpg|alt=|80px]]
| rowspan=2 | DM 50
| rowspan=2 align=center | €25.56
| rowspan=2 align=center | 146 × 71
| rowspan=2 style="background:#C0C080;"|
| rowspan=2 | Olive
| rowspan=2 | [[Balthasar Neumann]];<br/>[[Würzburg]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Würzburg Residence]]
| 1989
| 30/9/1991
|-
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:50 DM 1996.jpg|80px]]
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | 
| 1996
| 2/2/1998
|-
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:100 Mark (Obverse).jpg|85px]]
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:100 Mark (R).jpg|85px]]
| rowspan=2 | DM 100
| rowspan=2 align=center | €51.13
| rowspan=2 align=center | 154 × 74
| rowspan=2 style="background:#80C0FF;"|
| rowspan=2 | Blue
| rowspan=2 | [[Clara Schumann]];<br/>[[Leipzig]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Piano|Grand piano]]
| 1989–1993
| 1/10/1990
|-
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | 
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | 
| 1996
| 1/8/1997
|-
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:200 Mark (Obverse).jpg|90px]]
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:200_Mark (Reverse).jpg|90px]]
| rowspan=2 | DM 200
| rowspan=2 align=center | €102.26
| rowspan=2 align=center | 162 × 77
| rowspan=2 style="background:#FFC080"|
| rowspan=2 | Orange
| rowspan=2 | [[Paul Ehrlich]];<br/>[[Frankfurt am Main]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Microscope]]
| 1989
| 1/10/1990
|-
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | 
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | 
| 1996
| 1/8/1997
|-
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:500 Mark (Obverse).jpg|95px]]
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:500 Mark (Reverse).jpg|95px]]
| DM 500
| align=center | €255.65
| align=center | 170 × 80
| style="background:#FF8080;"|
| Red
| [[Maria Sibylla Merian]];<br/>[[Nuremberg]]
| [[Dandelion]], [[Geometer moth|inchworm]],<br/>[[butterfly]]
| rowspan=2 | 1991–1993
| rowspan=2 | 27/10/1992
|-
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:1000 Deutsche Mark (Obverse).jpg|100px]]
| style="background:#000; text-align:center;" | [[File:1000 Mark (Reverse).jpg|100px]]
| DM 1000
| align=center | €511.29
| align=center | 178 × 83
| style="background:#C0A080"|
| Brown
| [[Wilhelm Grimm|Wilhelm]] and [[Jacob Grimm|Jacob]]<br/>[[Brothers Grimm|Grimm]]; [[Kassel]]
| ''[[Deutsches Wörterbuch]]'';<br/>[[Alte Bibliothek]]
|-
| colspan=11 | {{Standard banknote table notice|BrE=Y}}
|}