Editing Dendritic cell (section)

=== Cancer ===
Dendritic cells are usually not abundant at tumor sites, but increased densities of populations of dendritic cells have been associated with better clinical outcome, suggesting that these cells can participate in controlling cancer progression.<ref name="pmid25446897">{{cite journal | vauthors = Broz ML, Binnewies M, Boldajipour B, Nelson AE, Pollack JL, Erle DJ, Barczak A, Rosenblum MD, Daud A, Barber DL, Amigorena S, Van't Veer LJ, Sperling AI, Wolf DM, Krummel MF | title = Dissecting the tumor myeloid compartment reveals rare activating antigen-presenting cells critical for T cell immunity | journal = Cancer Cell | volume = 10 | issue = 26 | pages = 638–52 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25446897 | doi = 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.09.007 | pmc=4254577 }}</ref><ref name="pmid30955881">{{cite journal | vauthors = Binnewies M, Mujal AM, Pollack JL, Combes AJ, Hardison EA, Barry KC, Tsui J, Ruhland MK, Kersten K, Abushawish MA, Spasic M, Giurintano JP, Chan V, Daud AI, Ha P, Ye CJ, Roberts EW, Krummel MF | title = Unleashing Type-2 Dendritic Cells to Drive Protective Antitumor CD4+ T Cell Immunity | journal = Cell | volume = 177 | issue = 3 | pages = 556–571 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30955881 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.005 | pmc = 6954108 }}</ref> Lung cancers have been found to include four different subsets of dendritic cells: three classical dendritic cell subsets and one plasmacytoid dendritic cell subset.<ref name="pmid30979687">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zilionis R, Engblom C, Pfirschke C, Savova V, Zemmour D, Saatcioglu HD, Krishnan I, Maroni G, Meyerovitz CV, Kerwin CM, Choi S, Richards WG, De Rienzo A, Tenen DG, Bueno R, Levantini E, Pittet MJ, Klein AM | title = Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Human and Mouse Lung Cancers Reveals Conserved Myeloid Populations across Individuals and Species | journal = Immunity | volume = 50 | issue = 5 | pages = 1317–1334 | date = April 2019 | pmid = 30979687 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.009 | pmc = 6620049 }}</ref> At least some of these dendritic cell subsets can activate CD4+ helper T cells and [[Cytotoxic T cell|CD8+ cytotoxic T cells]], which are immune cells that can also suppress [[tumor]] growth. However, dendritic cell activity is commonly suppressed by regulatory T cells and multiple other factors.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2134-y | doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2134-y | title=A conserved dendritic-cell regulatory program limits antitumour immunity | date=2020 | last1=Maier | first1=Barbara | last2=Leader | first2=Andrew M. | last3=Chen | first3=Steven T. | last4=Tung | first4=Navpreet | last5=Chang | first5=Christie | last6=Leberichel | first6=Jessica | last7=Chudnovskiy | first7=Aleksey | last8=Maskey | first8=Shrisha | last9=Walker | first9=Laura | last10=Finnigan | first10=John P. | last11=Kirkling | first11=Margaret E. | last12=Reizis | first12=Boris | last13=Ghosh | first13=Sourav | last14=d'Amore | first14=Natalie Roy | last15=Bhardwaj | first15=Nina | last16=Rothlin | first16=Carla V. | last17=Wolf | first17=Andrea | last18=Flores | first18=Raja | last19=Marron | first19=Thomas | last20=Rahman | first20=Adeeb H. | last21=Kenigsberg | first21=Ephraim | last22=Brown | first22=Brian D. | last23=Merad | first23=Miriam | journal=Nature | volume=580 | issue=7802 | pages=257–262 | pmid=32269339 | pmc=7787191 | bibcode=2020Natur.580..257M }}</ref> Dendritic cell stimulating treatments, such as dendritic cell based vaccinations, have been emerging as a treatment with varying success.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saxena |first=Mansi |last2=Bhardwaj |first2=Nina |date=February 2018 |title=Re-Emergence of Dendritic Cell Vaccines for Cancer Treatment |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2405803317302406 |journal=Trends in Cancer |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=119–137 |doi=10.1016/j.trecan.2017.12.007 |pmc=5823288 |pmid=29458962}}</ref> In experimental models, dendritic cells have also been shown to contribute to the success of cancer immunotherapies, for example with the immune checkpoint blocker anti-PD-1.<ref name="pmid27775706">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moynihan KD, Opel CF, Szeto GL, Tzeng A, Zhu EF, Engreitz JM, Williams RT, Rakhra K, Zhang MH, Rothschilds AM, Kumari S, Kelly RL, Kwan BH, Abraham W, Hu K, Mehta NK, Kauke MJ, Suh H, Cochran JR, Lauffenburger DA, Wittrup KD, Irvine DJ | title = Eradication of large established tumors in mice by combination immunotherapy that engages innate and adaptive immune responses | journal = Nat Med | volume = 22 | issue =  12| pages = 1402–1410 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27775706 | doi = 10.1038/nm.4200 | pmc= 5209798}}</ref><ref name="pmid30552023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Garris CS, Arlauckas SP, Kohler RH, Trefny MP, Garren S, Piot C, Engblom C, Pfirschke C, Siwicki M, Gungabeesoon J, Freeman GJ, Warren SE, Ong S, Browning E, Twitty CG, Pierce RH, Le MH, Algazi AP, Daud AI, Pai SI, Zippelius A, Weissleder R, Pittet MJ | title = Successful Anti-PD-1 Cancer Immunotherapy Requires T Cell-Dendritic Cell Crosstalk Involving the Cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12 | journal = Immunity | volume = 49 | issue = 6 | pages = 1148–1161 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30552023 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.024 | pmc= 6301092 }}</ref>