Editing Demographics of Hungary (section)

===History and census numbers===
'''Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920)'''[[File:Ethnographic map of hungary 1910 by teleki carte rouge.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Red Map.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Teleki Pál – egy ellentmondásos életút|magazine=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] Hungary |language=hu |url=http://www.geographic.hu/index.php?act=napi&id=1707|date=2004-02-18|access-date=2008-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A kartográfia története|publisher=Babits Publishing Company|language=hu|url=http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02185/html/868.html|access-date=2008-01-30}}</ref> Ethnic map of the Hungary proper publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km<sup>2</sup><ref name="ReferenceA"/> are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. The vibrant, dominant red color was deliberately chosen to mark Hungarians while the light purple color of the Romanians, who were already the majority in the whole of Transylvania back then, is shadow-like.<ref name="dailynewshungary_com" />{{legend|#CC0000|[[Hungarian people|Hungarians]]}}{{legend|#FF9900|[[German people|Germans]]}}{{legend|#99CC33|[[Slovaks]]}}{{legend|#336633|[[Rusyns]]}}{{legend|#CC99CC|[[Romanians]]}}{{legend|#3366CC|[[Serbs]]}}{{legend|gray|[[Croats]]}}{{legend|white|border=black solid 2px|Spaces with a smaller density than 20 persons/sq km}}]]

Hungary lost 64% of its total population in consequence of the [[Treaty of Trianon]], decreasing from 20.9&nbsp;million to 7.6&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=2011-01-01 |archive-date=2022-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=dead }}</ref> and 31% (3.3 out of 10.7&nbsp;million) of its ethnic [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]],<ref name="Frucht" /> Hungary lost five of its ten most populous cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Treaty of Trianon WORLD WAR I [1920] |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Trianon |website=Britannica |access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Hungary1910-1920.png|thumb|right|250px|Hungary lost 72% of its territory, its sea access, half of its 10 biggest cities and all of its precious metal mines; 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians found themselves separated from their motherland.<ref>Francis Tapon: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GlbAmn_cajYC&q=%22half+of+its+10+biggest+cities%22&pg=PA221 The Hidden Europe: What Eastern Europeans Can Teach Us]'', Thomson Press India, 2012</ref><ref>Molnar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y0g4YEp7ZrsC&dq=found+themselves+separated+from+their+motherland&pg=PA262 ''A Concise History of Hungary''], p. 262</ref><ref>Richard C. Frucht, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&dq=found+themselves+separated+from+their+motherland&pg=RA1-PA360 ''Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture''] pp. 359–360M1</ref> Based on the 1910 census. Administrative Hungary in green, autonomous Croatia-Slavonia grey.]]
According to the census of 1910, the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary were Hungarians, who were 54.5% of the population of Kingdom of Hungary, excluding [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Croatia-Slavonia]].
Although the territories of the former Kingdom of Hungary that were assigned by the treaty to neighbouring states in total had a majority of non-Hungarian population, they also included areas of Hungarian majority and significant Hungarian minorities, numbering 3,318,000 in total.

The number of Hungarians in the different areas based on census data of 1910. The present day location of each area is given in parentheses.

* In [[Upper Hungary]] (mostly [[Slovakia]]): 885,000 - 30%
* In [[Transylvania]] ([[Romania]]): 1,658,045 - 31.6%
* In [[Vojvodina]] ([[Serbia]]): 425,672 - 28.1%
* In [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]] ([[Ukraine]]): 183,000 - 30%
* In [[Croatia]]: 121,000 - 3.5%
* In [[Prekmurje]] ([[Slovenia]]): 14,065 - 15%
* In [[Burgenland]] ([[Austria]]): 26,200 - 9%
'''Non-Hungarian population in the Kingdom of Hungary, based on 1910 census data'''

Romanians, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Serbs, Croats and Germans, who represented the majority of the populations of the above-mentioned territories:

* In [[Upper Hungary]] (mostly [[Slovakia]]): 1,687,977 Slovaks and 1,233,454 others (mostly Hungarians - 886,044, Germans, Ruthenians and Roma). However, according to the Czechoslovak census in 1921, there were 2,025,003 (67,5%) Slovaks, 650,597 (21,7%) Hungarians, 145,844 (4,9%) Germans, 88,970 (3,0%) Ruthenians and 90,456 (3,0%) others including Jews.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census in Slovakia in 1919 and 1921|author=Pavol Tišliar |url=http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/pdf/census1919.pdf}}</ref>
* In [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] ([[Ukraine]]): 330,010 Ruthenians and 275,932 others (mostly Hungarians, Germans, Romanians, and Slovaks)
* In [[Transylvania]] ([[Romania]]): 2,831,222 Romanians (53.8%) and 2,431,273 others (mostly Hungarians - 1,662,948 (31.6%) and Germans - 563,087 (10.7%). The 1919 and 1920 Transylvanian censuses indicate a greater percentage of Romanians (57.1%/57.3%) and a smaller Hungarian minority (26.5%/25.5%)<ref>{{cite web|title=Hungarians in Transylvania between 1870 and 1995|author=Árpád Varga|url=http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erdang.htm}}</ref>
* In [[Vojvodina]] and [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Croatia-Slavonia]] ([[Serbia]], [[Croatia]]): 2,756,000 Croats and Serbs and 1,366,000 others (mostly Hungarians and Germans)
* In [[Prekmurje]] ([[Slovenia]]): 74,199 Slovenes (80%), 14,065 Hungarians (15,2%), 2,540  Germans (2,7%)
* In [[Burgenland]] ([[Austria]]): 217,072 Germans and 69,858 others (mainly Croatian and Hungarian)
'''Post-Trianon Hungary'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+
'''Population in the territory of present-day Hungary according to ethnic group 1495–1930<ref name="etn1">A népesség változó etnikai arculata Magyarország mai területén (map+data+essay) (Kocsis Károly, Bottlik Zsolt, [[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]] - Földrajztudományi Kutatóintézet, [[Budapest]], 2009, {{ISBN|978-963-9545-19-9}})</ref>'''
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! colspan="2" | estimation 1495
! colspan="2" | 1715
! colspan="2" | 1785
! colspan="2" | census 1880
! colspan="2" | census 1900
! colspan="2" | census 1910
! colspan="2" | census 1920
! colspan="2" | census 1930
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
|align="left"|[[Hungarians]]
|990,000||95.6%
|1,176,000||79.1%
|2,103,000||79.0%
|4,402,364||82.4%
|5,890,999||85.9%
|6,730,299||88.4%
|7,155,973||89.6%
|8,000,335||92.1%
|-
|align="left"|[[Germans]]
|17,000||1.6%
|136,600||9.2%
|291,900||11.0%
|606,363||11.3%
|604,751||8.8%
|553,179||7.3%
|550,062||6.9%
|477,153||5.5%
|-
|align="left"|[[Slovaks]]
| n.d||n.d.
|37,700||2.5%
|130,400||4.9%
|199,788||3.7%
|192,227||2.8%
|165,317||2.2%
|141,877||1.8%
|104,786||1.2%
|-
|align="left"|[[Croats]]
|1,200||0.1%
|58,900||4.0%
|71,700||2.7%
|59,251||1.1%
|68,161||1.0%
|62,018||0.8%
|58,931||0.7%
|47,337||0.5%
|-
|align="left"|Others
|23,800||2.4%
|70,800||4.8%
|66,214||2.4%
|75,598||1.5%
|98,277||1.5%
|101,301||1.3%
|80,026||1.0%
|55,503||0.6%
|-
|align="left"|'''Total'''
|colspan="2" align="center"|1,032,000
|colspan="2" align="center"|1,480,000
|colspan="2" align="center"|2,663,214
|colspan="2" align="center"|5,343,364
|colspan="2" align="center"|6,854,415
|colspan="2" align="center"|7,612,114
|colspan="2" align="center"|7,986,875
|colspan="2" align="center"|8,685,109
|}
According to the 1920 census 10.4% of the population spoke one of the minority languages as mother language:

* 551,212 German (6.9%)
* 141,882 Slovak (1.8%)
* 23,760 Romanian (0.3%)
* 36,858 Croatian (0.5%)
* 23,228 [[Bunjevci|Bunjevac]] and [[Šokci]] (0.3%)
* 17,131 Serb (0.2%)
* 7,000 Slovenes (0,08%)

The number of bilingual people was much higher, for example 1,398,729 people spoke German (17%), 399,176 people spoke Slovak (5%), 179,928 people spoke Croatian (2.2%) and 88,828 people spoke Romanian (1.1%). Hungarian was spoken by 96% of the total population and was the mother language of 89%. The percentage and the absolute number of all non-Hungarian nationalities decreased in the next decades, although the total population of the country increased.

Note: 300.000 Hungarian refugees fled to Hungary from the territory of successor states (Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia) after the WW I.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Philip D. Morgan]]|title=Fascism in Europe, 1919-1945 (Routledge history, politics)|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|date=2003|page=41|isbn=9780415169431|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mz8hLnFiz8wC&q=%22influx+of+some+300%2C000+refugees+from+the+lost%22&pg=PA41}}</ref>

'''From 1938 to 1945'''
[[File:Carte_ethnographique_de_L’Europe_Centrale.jpg|thumb|Ethnic groups in 1938 in the former territory of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], the state borders before the [[Treaty of Trianon]] of 1920 is marked on the map.{{legend|#f84048|[[Hungarians]]}}{{legend|#d5b3b2|[[Bunjevci]]}}{{legend|#c5dcd6|[[Croatians]]}}{{legend|#fad1a3|[[Germans]]}}{{legend|#fff177|[[Serbs]]}}{{legend|#bed9c6|[[Slovaks]]}}{{legend|#c0a065|[[Slovenes]]}}{{legend|#fce1d6|[[Romanians]]}}{{legend|#e2e073|[[Ruthenians]]}}{{legend|#ffffff|Unpopulated regions (high mountains, large forests, marshes)}}]]
[[File:Hungary 1941 ethnic.svg|thumb|right|250px|Ethnic map of Hungary in 1910, with 1941 borders superimposed.]]

[[File:Northern Transylvania ethnic map.svg|thumb|Ethnic map of Northern Transylvania]]

Hungary expanded its borders with territories from Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia following the [[First Vienna Award]] (1938) and [[Second Vienna Award]] (1940). The remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia and parts of Yugoslavia were occupied and annexed in 1939 and 1941, respectively. Regarding [[Northern Transylvania]], the Romanian census from 1930 counted 38% [[Hungarians]] and 49% [[Romanians]],<ref name="Clark1941">{{cite book|author=Charles Upson Clark|title=Racial Aspects of Romania's Case|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lozXAAAAMAAJ|year=1941|publisher=Caxton Press}}</ref> while the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5% [[Hungarians]] and 39.1% [[Romanians]].<ref name="Hodosi, Kocsis">Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 116-153 [https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&q=1941+census+data&pg=PA120] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403113307/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&pg=PA120&dq=Northern+transylvania++hungarians+romanians+number&hl=en&ei=FQkfTdjRKdKZhQeQ4Zi3Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCTgK|date=2015-04-03}}</ref> The territory of [[Bácska]] had 789,705 inhabitants, and 45,4% or 47,2% declared themselves to be Hungarian native speakers or ethnic Hungarians.<ref name="Hodosi, Kocsis" /> The percentage of Hungarian speakers was 84% in southern Czechoslovakia and 25% in the [[Sub-Carpathian Rus]].<ref name="etn1"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+
'''Population of Hungary in 1941'''<ref>Joseph Rothschil. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ytc-muwFT_IC&dq=%22table+30%22+%221941+population%22&pg=PA195 ''East Central Europe Between the Two World Wars'']</ref>
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! colspan="2" | census 1941
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Number
! %
|-
|align="left"|[[Hungarian people|Hungarians]]
|11,881,455||80.9%
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian people|Romanians]]
|1,051,026||7.2%
|-
|align="left"|[[Ruthenians]]
|547,770||3.7%
|-
|align="left"|[[German people|Germans]]
|533,045||3.6%
|-
|align="left"|[[Serbs]]
|213,585||1.5%
|-
|align="left"|[[Slovaks]]
|175,550||1.2%
|-
|[[Jewish people|Jewish]]<ref group="Note">Except in the year 1941, Jewish people were not recognized as a minority, but only as a religion — assuredly, many Jews considered themselves as belonging to one of the recognized minorities.</ref>
|139,041||0.9%
|-
|align="left"|[[Romani people|Roma]]
|76,209||0.5%
|-
|align="left"|[[Croats]]
|12,346||0.1%
|-
|align="left"|[[Slovenian people|Slovenes]]
|9,400||0.1%
|-
|align="left"|Others
|29,210||0.2%
|-
|align="left"|'''Total'''
|colspan="2" align="center"|14,679,573
|}
'''After WW II: 1949–1990'''

After World War II, about 200,000 Germans were deported to Germany according to the decree of the [[Potsdam Conference]]. Under the forced exchange of population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, approximately 73,000 Slovaks left Hungary. After these population movements Hungary became an ethnically almost homogeneous country except the rapidly growing number of [[Romani people]] in the second half of the 20th century.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+
'''Population of Hungary 1949–1990'''
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! colspan="2" | census 1949
! colspan="2" | census 1960
! colspan="2" | census 1970
! colspan="2" | census 1980
! colspan="2" | census 1990
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
|align="left"|[[Hungarian people|Hungarians]]
|9,076,041||98.6%
|9,786,038||98.2%
|10,166,237||98.5%
|10,638,974||99.3%
|10,142,072||97.8%
|-
|align="left"|[[Romani people|Roma]]
|21,387||0.2%
|25,633||0.3%
|34,957||0.3%
|6,404||0.1%
|142,683||1.4%
|-
|align="left"|[[German people|Germans]]
|22,455||0.2%
|50,765||0.5%
|35,594||0.4%
|11,310||0.1%
|30,824||0.3%
|-
|align="left"|[[Slovaks]]
|25,988||0.3%
|30,630||0.3%
|21,176||0.2%
|9,101||0.1%
|10,459||0.1%
|-
|align="left"|[[Croats]]
|20,423||0.2%
|33,014||0.3%
|17,609||0.2%
|13,895||0.1%
|13,570||0.1%
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian people|Romanians]]
|14,713||0.2%
|15,787||0.2%
|12,624||0.1%
|8,874||0.1%
|10,740||0.1%
|-
|align="left"|[[Serbs]]
|5,158||0.1%
|4,583||0.1%
|12,235||0.1%
|2,805||0.0%
|2,905||0.0%
|-
|align="left"|[[Slovenian people|Slovenes]]
|4,473||0.1%
|colspan="2"| -
|4,205||0.0%
|1,731||0.0%
|1,930||0.0%
|-

|align="left"|Others
|14,161||0.1%
|14,534||0.1%
|17,462||0.2%
|16,369||0.2%
|19,640||0.2%
|-
|align="left"|'''Total'''
|colspan="2" align="center"|9,204,799
|colspan="2" align="center"|9,961,044
|colspan="2" align="center"|10,322,099
|colspan="2" align="center"|10,709,463
|colspan="2" align="center"|10,374,823
|-
|}

For historical reasons, significant [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in [[Ukraine]] (in [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]]), [[Slovakia]], [[Romania]] (in [[Transylvania]]), and [[Serbia]] (in [[Vojvodina]]). [[Austria]] (in [[Burgenland]]), [[Croatia]], and [[Slovenia]] ([[Prekmurje]]) are also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians.

'''2001–2022'''

<ref name="nepszamlalas2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/eng/volumes/24/tables/load1_4_1.html |title=Hungarian census 2001 - Population by ethnic minorities and main age groups, 1941, 1980–2001 |publisher=nepszamlalas2001.hu|access-date=2015-05-18}}</ref>
<ref name="ksh3">{{cite web|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/nepsz2011/nepsz_03_00_2011.pdf |title=Hungarian census 2011 - final data and methodology |publisher=ksh.hu|access-date=2015-05-18}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+
'''Population of Hungary 2001–2022'''
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! colspan="2" | census 2001
! colspan="2" | census 2011
! colspan="2" | census 2022
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
|align="left"|[[Hungarian people|Hungarians]]
|9,416,045||92.3%
|8,504,492||85.6%
|8,438,129||87.9%
|-
|align="left"|[[Romani people|Roma]]
|189,984||2.0%
|315,583||3.2%
|209,909||2.2%
|-
|align="left"|[[German people|Germans]]
|62,105||0.6%
|185,696||1.9%
|142,551||1.5%
|-
| align="left" |[[Romanian people|Romanians]]
|7,995||0.1%
|35,641||0.4%
|27,554||0.3%
|-
|align="left"|[[Slovaks]]
|17,693||0.2%
|35,208||0.4%
|29,881||0.3%
|-
|align="left"|[[Croats]]
|15,597||0.2%
|26,774||0.3%
|21,824||0.2%
|-
|align="left"|[[Serbs]]
|3,816||0.0%
|10,038||0.1%
|11,622||0.1%
|-
|align="left"|[[Slovenian people|Slovenes]]
|3,025||0.0%
|2,820||0.0%
|3,965||0.0%
|-
|align="left"|Others
|57,059||0.6%
|73,399||0.9%
|55,610||0.6%
|-

|align="left"|Not stated
|570,537||5.6%
|1,398,731||14.1%
|1,086,239||11.3%
|-
|align="left"|'''Total'''
|colspan="2" align="center"|10,198,315
|colspan="2" align="center"|9,937,628
|colspan="2" align="center"|9,603,634
|-
|}

*Note: In 2001 570,537, in 2011 1,398,731 people did not give answer for ethnicity. Moreover, people were able to give more than one answer on the question asking for the minorities (for example, people were allowed to write Hungarian as their first ethnic identity and German as an ethnic identity being influenced by), hence the sum of the above exceeds the number of population.
*Methodology had changed in 2001 and 2011 also.<ref name="KSH">{{cite book|last=Vukovich|first=Gabriella|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf|title=Mikrocenzus 2016 - 12. Nemzetiségi adatok|trans-title=2016 microcensus - 12. Ethnic data|language=hu|publisher=Hungarian Central Statistical Office|location=Budapest|year=2018|access-date=9 January 2019|isbn=978-963-235-542-9}}</ref>
*Roma people is estimated to be around 8.8% [[Romani people in Hungary|Roma]]<ref>[http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/terstat/2018/01/ts580101.pdf A roma népesség területi megoszlásának változása Magyarországon az elmúlt évtizedekben Changes in the Spatial Distribution of the Roma Population in Hungary During the Last Decades]. ksh.hu Retrieved 2018-01-1</ref><ref>[http://hvg.hu/itthon/20180222_Ennyi_roma_el_Magyarorszagon Ennyi roma él Magyarországon]. hvg.hu.  Retrieved 2018-07-15.</ref>