Editing Dairy product (section)

===Cancer===

The [[American Institute for Cancer Research]] (AICR), [[World Cancer Research Fund International]] (WCRF), [[Cancer Council Australia]] (CCA) and [[Cancer Research UK]] have stated that there is strong evidence that consumption of dairy products decreases risk of [[colorectal cancer]].<ref name="Clinton 2020">{{cite journal|vauthors= Clinton SK, Giovannucci EL, Hursting SD|year=2020|title=The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research Third Expert Report on Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Cancer: Impact and Future Directions|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=150|issue=4|pages=663–671|doi=10.1093/jn/nxz268|pmid=31758189|pmc=7317613 }}</ref><ref name="Report">[https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Meat-fish-and-dairy-products.pdf "Meat, fish and dairy products and the risk of cancer"]. wcrf.org. Retrieved 24 January 2023.</ref><ref name="Australia">[https://www.cancer.org.au/about-us/policy-and-advocacy/prevention-policy/national-cancer-prevention-policy/obesity/related-resources/dairy-foods-and-cancer "Information sheet: Dairy foods and cancer"]. cancer.org.au. Retrieved 24 January 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/cancer-myths/can-milk-and-dairy-products-cause-cancer "Can milk and dairy products cause cancer?"]. cancerresearchuk.org. Retrieved 24 January 2023.</ref> The AICR, WCRF, CCA and [[Prostate Cancer UK]] have stated that there is limited but suggestive evidence that dairy products increase risk of [[prostate cancer]].<ref name="Clinton 2020"/><ref name="Report"/><ref name="Australia"/><ref>[https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/prostate-cancer-report.pdf "Diet, nutrition, physical activity and prostate cancer"]. wcrf.org. Retrieved 24 January 2023.</ref><ref>[https://prostatecanceruk.org/prostate-information/are-you-at-risk/can-i-reduce-my-risk "Which foods might increase my risk of prostate cancer?"]. prostatecanceruk.org. Retrieved 24 January 2023.</ref> The [[American Cancer Society]] (ACS) have stated that because dairy products "may lower the risk of some cancers and possibly increase the risk of others, the ACS does not make specific recommendations on dairy food consumption for cancer prevention."<ref>[https://www.cancer.org/healthy/eat-healthy-get-active/acs-guidelines-nutrition-physical-activity-cancer-prevention/guidelines.html "American Cancer Society Guideline for Diet and Physical Activity"]. cancer.org. Retrieved 24 January 2023.</ref>

It has been suggested that consumption of [[insulin-like growth factor 1]] (IGF-1) in dairy products could increase cancer risk, particularly prostate cancer.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Harrison S, Lennon R, Holly J, Higgins JP, Gardner M, Perks C, Gaunt T, Tan V, Borwick C, Emmet P, Jeffreys M, Northstone K, Rinaldi S, Thomas S, Turner SD, Pease A, Vilenchick V, Martin RM, Lewis SJ |year=2017|title=Does milk intake promote prostate cancer initiation or progression via effects on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Cancer Causes Control|volume=28|issue=6|pages=497–528|doi=10.1007/s10552-017-0883-1|pmid=28361446|pmc=5400803 }}</ref><ref name="committee">[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/803090/COC_2018_S01_IGF-1_COC_Statement.pdf "Statement on possible carcinogenic hazard to consumers from insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the diet]. assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 February 2023.</ref> However, a 2018 review by the Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COC) concluded that there is "insufficient evidence to draw any firm conclusions as to whether exposure to dietary IGF-1 is associated with an increased incidence of cancer in consumers".<ref name="committee"/> The COC also stated it is unlikely that there would be absorption of intact IGF-1 from food by most consumers.<ref>[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/803092/COC_2018_S01_IGF-1_Non-technical_summary.pdf "Non-Technical Summary of Statement on possible carcinogenic hazard to consumers from insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the diet"]. assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 February 2023.</ref>

A 2019 review concluded that higher-quality research was needed to characterise valid associations between dairy consumption and risk of and/or cancer-related mortality.<ref name="jey">{{cite journal | last1=Jeyaraman | first1=Maya M | last2=Abou-Setta | first2=Ahmed M | last3=Grant | first3=Laurel | last4=Farshidfar | first4=Farnaz | last5=Copstein | first5=Leslie | last6=Lys | first6=Justin | last7=Gottschalk | first7=Tania | last8=Desautels | first8=Danielle | last9=Czaykowski | first9=Piotr | last10=Pitz | first10=Marshall | last11=Zarychanski | first11=Ryan | title=Dairy product consumption and development of cancer: an overview of reviews | journal=BMJ Open| volume=9 | issue=1 | year=2019 | issn=2044-6055 | doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023625 | page=e023625| pmid=30782711 | pmc=6352799 | doi-access=free }}</ref> A 2021 [[umbrella review]] found strong evidence that consumption of dairy products decreases risk of colorectal cancer.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Papadimitriou N, Markozannes G, Kanellopoulou A, Critselis E, Alhardan S, Karafousia V, Kasimis JC, Katsaraki C, Papadopoulou A, Zografou M, Lopez DS, Chan DS, Kyrgiou M, Ntzani E, Cross AJ, Marrone MT, Platz EA, Gunter MJ, Tsilidis KK |year=2021|title=An umbrella review of the evidence associating diet and cancer risk at 11 anatomical sites|journal=Nature Communications|volume=12|issue=1|page=4579|doi=10.1038/s41467-021-24861-8|pmid=34321471|pmc=8319326 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.4579P }}</ref> [[Fermented milk products|Fermented dairy]] is associated with significantly decreased bladder cancer and colorectal cancer risk.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhang K, Dai H, Liang W, Zhang L, Deng Z |year=2019|title=Fermented dairy foods intake and risk of cancer|journal=Int J Cancer|volume=144|issue=9|pages=2099–2108|doi=10.1002/ijc.31959|pmid=30374967|s2cid=53114731 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2023 review found no association between consumption of dairy products and [[breast cancer]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Arafat HM, Omar J, Shafii N, Naser IA, Al Laham NA, Muhamad R, Al-Astani TA, Shaqaliah AJ, Shamallakh OM, Shamallakh KM, Abusalah MA |year=2023|title=The association between breast cancer and consumption of dairy products: a systematic review|journal=Ann Med|volume=55|issue=1|page=2198256|doi=10.1080/07853890.2023.2198256|pmid=37078247|pmc=10120447}}</ref>

The [[British Dietetic Association]] have described the idea that milk promotes hormone related cancerous tumour growth as a myth, stating "no link between dairy containing diets and risk of cancer or promoting cancer growth as a result of hormones".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024|title=Cancer Diets: Myths and More|url=https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/cancer-diets-myths-and-more.html|website=British Dietetic Association|language=en-GB|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726215251/https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/cancer-diets-myths-and-more.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, Cancer Research UK stated "there is no reliable evidence that casein or hormones in dairy causes cancer in people".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024|title=Can milk and dairy products cause cancer?|url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/cancer-myths/can-milk-and-dairy-products-cause-cancer|website=Cancer Research UK|language=en-GB|archive-date=October 26, 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241026142409/https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/cancer-myths/can-milk-and-dairy-products-cause-cancer|url-status=live}}</ref>