Editing Croats (section)

==Genetics==
{{main|Genetic studies on Croats}}

[[Genetics|Genetically]], on the [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-chromosome DNA]] line, a majority (65%) of male Croats from Croatia belong to haplogroups [[Haplogroup I-M438|I2]] (39%-40%) and [[Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)|R1a]] (22%-24%), while a minority (35%) belongs to haplogroups [[Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)|E]] (10%), [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b]] (6%-7%), [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]] (6%-7%), [[Haplogroup I-M253|I1]] (5-8%), [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]] (2%), and others in <2% traces.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mršić|first=Gordan|title=Croatian national reference Y-STR haplotype database|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221889294|journal=[[Molecular Biology Reports]]|volume=39|issue=7|date=2012|doi=10.1007/s11033-012-1610-3|pmid=22391654|display-authors=etal|pages=7727–41|s2cid=18011987}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=D. Primorac|year=2022|title=Croatian genetic heritage: an updated Y-chromosome story|journal=Croatian Medical Journal|volume=63|issue=3|pages=273–286|doi=10.3325/cmj.2022.63.273|pmid=35722696 |pmc=9284021 |ref={{harvid|Primorac et al.|2022}}|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free|url=http://www.cmj.hr/2022/63/3/35722696.htm}}</ref> The distribution, variance and frequency of the I2 and R1a subclades (>65%) among Croats are related to the early medieval [[Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe]], most probably from the territory of present-day Ukraine and Southeastern Poland.<ref>{{cite journal|author=A. Zupan|title=The paternal perspective of the Slovenian population and its relationship with other populations|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251567977|journal=[[Annals of Human Biology]]|volume=40|issue=6|date=2013|doi=10.3109/03014460.2013.813584|pmid=23879710|display-authors=etal|pages=515–526 |s2cid=34621779|quote=However, a study by Battaglia et al. (2009) showed a variance peak for I2a1 in the Ukraine and, based on the observed pattern of variation, it could be suggested that at least part of the I2a1 haplogroup could have arrived in the Balkans and Slovenia with the Slavic migrations from a homeland in present-day Ukraine. The calculated age of this specific haplogroup together with the variation peak detected in the suggested Slavic homeland could represent a signal of Slavic migration arising from medieval Slavic expansions. However, the strong genetic barrier around the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, associated with the high frequency of the I2a1b-M423 haplogroup, could also be a consequence of a Paleolithic genetic signal of a Balkan refuge area, followed by mixing with a medieval Slavic signal from modern-day Ukraine.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Underhill |first1=Peter A. |year=2015 |title=The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=124–131 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2014.50 |pmid=24667786 |pmc=4266736 |quote=R1a-M458 exceeds 20% in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Western Belarus. The lineage averages 11–15% across Russia and Ukraine and occurs at 7% or less elsewhere (Figure 2d). Unlike hg R1a-M458, the R1a-M558 clade is also common in the Volga-Uralic populations. R1a-M558 occurs at 10–33% in parts of Russia, exceeds 26% in Poland and Western Belarus, and varies between 10 and 23% in the Ukraine, whereas it drops 10-fold lower in Western Europe. In general, both R1a-M458 and R1a-M558 occur at low but informative frequencies in Balkan populations with known Slavonic heritage.}}</ref><ref name="Utevska">{{cite thesis |type=PhD |author=O.M. Utevska |date=2017 |title=Генофонд українців за різними системами генетичних маркерів: походження і місце на європейському генетичному просторі |trans-title=The gene pool of Ukrainians revealed by different systems of genetic markers: the origin and statement in Europe |publisher=National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of [[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]] |url=http://nrcrm.gov.ua/science/councils/dissertation/ |language=uk |pages=219–226, 302 |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717170217/http://nrcrm.gov.ua/science/councils/dissertation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HorolmaTibor2019">{{cite book|first1=Horolma|last1=Pamjav|first2=Tibor|last2=Fehér|first3=Endre|last3=Németh|first4=László|last4=Koppány Csáji|title=Genetika és őstörténet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xq2xDwAAQBAJ|year=2019|publisher=Napkút Kiadó|language=hu|isbn=978-963-263-855-3|pages=58|quote=Az I2-CTS10228 (köznevén "dinári-kárpáti") alcsoport legkorábbi közös őse 2200 évvel ezelőttre tehető, így esetében nem arról van szó, hogy a mezolit népesség Kelet-Európában ilyen mértékben fennmaradt volna, hanem arról, hogy egy, a mezolit csoportoktól származó szűk család az európai vaskorban sikeresen integrálódott egy olyan társadalomba, amely hamarosan erőteljes demográfiai expanzióba kezdett. Ez is mutatja, hogy nem feltétlenül népek, mintsem családok sikerével, nemzetségek elterjedésével is számolnunk kell, és ezt a jelenlegi etnikai identitással összefüggésbe hozni lehetetlen. A csoport elterjedése alapján valószínűsíthető, hogy a szláv népek migrációjában vett részt, így válva az R1a-t követően a második legdominánsabb csoporttá a mai Kelet-Európában. Nyugat-Európából viszont teljes mértékben hiányzik, kivéve a kora középkorban szláv nyelvet beszélő keletnémet területeket.|access-date=12 December 2020|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203723/https://books.google.com/books?id=xq2xDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fóthi">{{Citation |last1=Fóthi |first1=E. |last2=Gonzalez |first2=A. |last3=Fehér |first3=T. |display-authors=etal |title=Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=2020 |page=31 |doi=10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020ArAnS..12...31F |quote=Based on SNP analysis, the CTS10228 group is 2200 ± 300 years old. The group's demographic expansion may have begun in Southeast Poland around that time, as carriers of the oldest subgroup are found there today. The group cannot solely be tied to the Slavs, because the proto-Slavic period was later, around 300–500 CE... The SNP-based age of the Eastern European CTS10228 branch is 2200 ± 300 years old. The carriers of the most ancient subgroup live in Southeast Poland, and it is likely that the rapid demographic expansion which brought the marker to other regions in Europe began there. The largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans, where the subgroup is dominant in 50.5% of Croatians, 30.1% of Serbs, 31.4% of Montenegrins, and in about 20% of Albanians and Greeks. As a result, this subgroup is often called Dinaric. It is interesting that while it is dominant among modern Balkan peoples, this subgroup has not been present yet during the Roman period, as it is almost absent in Italy as well (see Online Resource 5; ESM_5).}}</ref><ref name="Olalde2023"/> Genetically, on the maternal [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|mitochondrial DNA]] line, a majority (>65%) of Croats from Croatia (mainland and coast) belong to three of the eleven major European mtDNA haplogroups – [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]] (45%), [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U]] (17.8–20.8%), [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J]] (3–11%), while a large minority (>35%) belongs to many other smaller haplogroups.{{sfn|Cvjetan et al.|2004}} Based on [[Autosome|autosomal]] [[Identity by descent|IBD]] survey the speakers of Croatian share a very high number of common ancestors dated to the [[migration period]] approximately 1,500 years ago with Poland and Romania-Bulgaria clusters among others in Eastern Europe. It was caused by the early medieval Slavic migrations, a small population which expanded into vast regions of "low population density beginning in the sixth century".<ref>{{cite journal|author=P. Ralph|title=The Geography of Recent Genetic Ancestry across Europe|journal=[[PLOS Biology]]|volume=11|issue=5|year=2013|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555| pmc=3646727|ref={{harvid|Ralph et al.|2013}}|pages=e105090|pmid=23667324|display-authors=etal |doi-access=free }}</ref> Other IBD and [[Genetic admixture|admixture]] studies also found even patterns of admixture events among South, East and West Slavs at the time and area of Slavic expansion, and that the shared ancestral Balto-Slavic component among South Slavs is between 55 and 70%.<ref name="Kushniarevich2015">{{cite journal |author=A. Kushniarevich |year=2015 |title=Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e0135820 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0135820 |pmid=26332464|pmc=4558026|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1035820K |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Kassian2020">{{citation |last1=Kushniarevich |first1=Alena |last2=Kassian |first2=Alexei |editor=Marc L. Greenberg |date=2020 |title=Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online |chapter=Genetics and Slavic languages |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032367 |access-date=10 December 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341945550}}</ref> A 2023 [[archaeogenetic]] study showed that the Croats roughly have 66.5% Central-Eastern European early medieval Slavic-ancestry, 31.2% local Roman and 2.4% West Anatolian ancestry.<ref name="Olalde2023">{{cite journal |last1=Olalde |first1=Iñigo |last2=Carrión |first2=Pablo |date=December 7, 2023 |title=A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=186 |issue=25 |pages=P5472–5485.E9 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018 |doi-access=free |pmid=38065079 |pmc=10752003 }}</ref>