Editing Civil service (section)

====Brazil====
{{Main|Brazilian Civil Service}}

Brazil started to move away from a patronage based public service starting in the second half of the 19th century, but written tests and merit only became the norm towards the end of the 1930s, as a result from reforms introduced during [[Getúlio Vargas]] first term as the nation's President.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Maia, B.)) | journal=Revista do Serviço Público | title=A institucionalização do concurso público no Brasil: uma análise sócio-histórica | volume=72 | issue=3 | pages=663–684 | date=30 September 2021 | doi=10.21874/rsp.v72.i3.4639 | s2cid=247648128 | issn=2357-8017| doi-access=free }}</ref>

Civil servants in Brazil ({{langx|pt|servidores públicos}}) are those working in the [[Executive (government)|executive]], [[legislative]], and [[judicial]] branches of the [[Brazil|Federal]], [[States of Brazil|state]], [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]] or [[Municipalities of Brazil|municipal]] governments, including [[congressmen]], [[Senate of Brazil|senators]], [[mayors]], [[Minister (government)|ministers]], the [[President of Brazil|president]] of the [[republic]], and workers in [[government-owned corporation]]s.

Career civil servants (not temporary workers or politicians) are hired only externally on the basis of [[Civil service entrance examination|entrance examinations]] ({{langx|pt|concurso público}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebrazilbusiness.com/article/concurso-publico-in-brazil|title=Concurso Público In Brazil|website=The Brazil Business|date=24 July 2014 |access-date=2021-09-12|archive-date=2021-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912213039/https://thebrazilbusiness.com/article/concurso-publico-in-brazil|url-status=live}}</ref> It usually consists of a written test; some posts may require physical tests (such as policemen), or oral tests (such as professors, judges, prosecutors and attorneys). The rank according to the examination score is used for filling the vacancies.

Entrance examinations are conducted by several institutions with a government mandate, such as CESPE (which belongs to the [[University of Brasília]]) and the [[:pt:Fundação Cesgranrio|Cesgranrio]] Foundation (which is part of the [[Federal University of Rio de Janeiro]]).

The labor laws and social insurance for civil servants are different from private workers; even between government branches (like different states or cities), the law and insurance differ.

The posts usually are ranked by titles, the most common are ''technician'' for high school literates and ''analyst'' for undergraduates. There's also higher post ranks like auditor, fiscal, chief of police, prosecutor, judge, attorney, etc.

The law does not allow servants to upgrade or downgrade posts internally; they need to be selected in separate external entrance examinations.