Editing Citrus (section)

== Effects on humans ==

[[File:Bergapten-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png|thumb|[[Bergapten]] (5-methoxypsoralen) is a [[furanocoumarin]] in some citrus fruits that causes skin inflammation when followed by [[ultraviolet]] light.<ref name="Dugrand-Judek et al. 2015"/>]]

Some ''Citrus'' species contain significant amounts of [[furanocoumarin]]s.<ref name="Chen">{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Meng |last2=Zhou |first2=Shu-yi |last3=Fabriaga |first3=Erlinda |last4=Zhang |first4=Pian-hong |last5=Zhou |first5=Quan |title=Food-drug interactions precipitated by fruit juices other than grapefruit juice: An update review |journal=Journal of Food and Drug Analysis |volume=26 |issue=2 |year=2018 |issn=1021-9498 |pmid=29703387 |doi=10.1016/j.jfda.2018.01.009 |pages=S61–S71 |pmc=9326888 | doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="hung">{{cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Wei-Lun |last2=Suh |first2=Joon Hyuk |last3=Wang |first3=Yu |title=Chemistry and health effects of furanocoumarins in grapefruit |journal=Journal of Food and Drug Analysis |volume=25 |issue=1 |year=2017 |issn=1021-9498 |doi=10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.008 |pages=71–83 |pmid=28911545 |pmc=9333421 | doi-access=free}}</ref> In humans, some of these act as strong [[photosensitizer]]s when applied topically to the skin, while others interact with medications when taken orally in the [[grapefruit-drug interactions|grapefruit juice effect]].<ref name=Chen/> Due to the photosensitizing effects of certain furanocoumarins, some ''Citrus'' species cause [[phytophotodermatitis]],<ref name="McGovern and Barkley 2000">{{cite journal |journal=The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology |url=http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot1.htm |title=Botanical Dermatology |last1=McGovern |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Barkley |first2=Theodore M. |volume=37 |issue=5 |at=Section&nbsp;[http://telemedicine.org/botanica/bot5.htm Phytophotodermatitis] |publisher=Internet Dermatology Society |date=2000 |access-date=29 November 2018 |pmid=9620476 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00385.x |s2cid=221810453}}</ref> a potentially severe skin inflammation resulting from contact with a light-sensitizing botanical agent followed by exposure to [[ultraviolet]] light. In ''Citrus'' species, the primary photosensitizing agent appears to be [[bergapten]],<ref name="Dugrand-Judek et al. 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Dugrand-Judek |first1=Audray |last2=Olry |first2=Alexandre |last3=Hehn |first3=Alain |last4=Costantino |first4=Gilles |last5=Ollitrault |first5=Patrick |last6=Froelicher |first6=Yann |last7=Bourgaud |first7=Frédéric |title=The Distribution of Coumarins and Furanocoumarins in ''Citrus'' Species Closely Matches ''Citrus'' Phylogeny and Reflects the Organization of Biosynthetic Pathways |journal=PLOS ONE |date=November 2015 |volume=10 |issue=11 |page=e0142757 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0142757 |pmid=26558757 |pmc=4641707 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1042757D |doi-access=free}}</ref> a linear furanocoumarin derived from [[psoralen]]. This claim has been confirmed for lime<ref name="Nigg et al. 1993">{{cite journal |journal=Food Chem Toxicol |year=1993 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=331–35 |title=Phototoxic coumarins in limes |last1=Nigg |first1=H. N. |last2=Nordby |first2=H. E. |last3=Beier |first3=R. C. |last4=Dillman |first4=A. |last5=Macias |first5=C. |last6=Hansen |first6=R. C. |pmid=8505017 |doi=10.1016/0278-6915(93)90187-4 |url=https://eurekamag.com/pdf/002/002671183.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Wagner et al. 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=A. M. |last2=Wu |first2=J. J. |last3=Hansen |first3=R. C. |last4=Nigg |first4=H. N. |last5=Beiere |first5=R. C. |title=Bullous phytophotodermatitis associated with high natural concentrations of furanocoumarins in limes |journal=Am J Contact Dermat |date=2002 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=10–14 |doi=10.1053/ajcd.2002.29948 |pmid=11887098 |issn=0891-5849}}</ref> and [[Bergamot orange|bergamot]]. In particular, [[bergamot essential oil]] has a higher concentration of bergapten (3–3.6 g/kg) than any other ''Citrus''-based essential oil.<ref name="DFG SKLM report 2004">{{cite web |work=The German Research Foundation (DFG) |url=https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_im_profil/reden_stellungnahmen/2006/sklm_furocoumarine_en_2006.pdf |title=Toxicological Assessment of Furocoumarins in Foodstuffs |publisher=DFG Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) |date=2004 |access-date=1 November 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224130338/https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_im_profil/reden_stellungnahmen/2006/sklm_furocoumarine_en_2006.pdf |url-status=dead |pages=3, 26 }}</ref>

A [[systematic review]] indicates that citrus fruit consumption is associated with a 10% reduction of risk for developing breast cancer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Jung-Kook |last2=Bae |first2=Jong-Myon |date=1 March 2013 |title=Citrus fruit intake and breast cancer risk: a quantitative systematic review |journal=Journal of Breast Cancer |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=72–76 |doi=10.4048/jbc.2013.16.1.72 |pmc=3625773 |pmid=23593085}}</ref>