Editing Christopher Columbus (section)

== Location of remains ==
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 320
| image1            = Tumba de Colon-Sevilla.jpg
| alt1              =
| caption1          = Tomb in [[Seville Cathedral]]. The remains in the casket are borne by kings of Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Navarre.
| image2            = Columbus Tomb Dominican Republic 01 2018 6805.jpg
| alt2              = A large white, black, and gold tomb elaborately adorned with sculpture and writing, claiming to be the resting place of Cristobal Colon
| caption2          = Tomb in [[Columbus Lighthouse]], [[Santo Domingo Este]], Dominican Republic
| footer            =
}}
Columbus's remains were first buried at the Chapel of Wonders at the [[Convent of St. Francis, Valladolid]],{{sfn|Dyson|1991|p=196}} but were then moved to the [[Monastery of Santa Maria de las Cuevas|monastery of La Cartuja]] in Seville (southern Spain) by the will of his son Diego.<ref name="Nash2005">{{cite book |last1=Nash |first1=Elizabeth |title=Seville, Cordoba, and Granada: A Cultural History |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-518204-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVA1reAI7w0C&pg=PA73 |page=73}}</ref> They may have been exhumed in 1513 and interred at the [[Seville Cathedral]]. In about 1536, the remains of both Columbus and his son Diego were moved to a cathedral in [[Ciudad Colonial (Santo Domingo)|Colonial Santo Domingo]], in the present-day [[Dominican Republic]]; Columbus had requested to be buried on the island.<ref name="Guardian2003" /> By some accounts, in 1793, when France took over the entire island of Hispaniola, Columbus's remains were moved to [[Havana]], Cuba.<ref name="ElPaís2021">{{cite news |last1=Olaya |first1=Vicente G. |title=Study of Christopher Columbus' DNA set to reveal his true origins |url=https://english.elpais.com/arts/2021-05-24/study-of-christopher-columbus-dna-set-to-reveal-his-true-origins.html |access-date=3 February 2022 |work=El País |date=24 May 2021}}</ref><ref>Captain George Farquar of [[True Briton (1775 ship)|''Lord Stanley'']] brought the news to Liverpool in 1796 that while he had been at Havana, the Spanish [[ship of the line]] {{ship|Spanish ship|San Lorenzo|1768|2}} had arrived there carrying the "coffin, bones and fetters of Christopher Columbus" from San Domingo to be re-interred at Havana with "the highest military honours."</ref> After Cuba became independent following the [[Spanish–American War]] in 1898, at least some of these remains were moved back to the Seville Cathedral,{{sfn|Dyson|1991|p=196}}<ref name="DNA" /> where they were placed on an elaborate [[catafalque]].

In June 2003, [[DNA]] samples were taken from the remains in Seville, as well as those of Columbus's brother Diego and younger son Fernando.<ref name="Guardian2003">{{cite news |date=3 June 2003 |title='Columbus bones' for DNA tests |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jun/03/spain |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827041628/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jun/03/spain |archive-date=27 August 2013}}</ref> Initial observations suggested that the bones did not appear to match Columbus's physique or age at death.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tremlett |first1=Giles |date=11 August 2004 |title=Young bones lay Columbus myth to rest |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/aug/11/spain.science |access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref> DNA extraction proved difficult; only short fragments of [[mitochondrial DNA]] could be isolated. These matched corresponding DNA from Columbus's brother, supporting that the two men had the same mother.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=20 May 2006 |title=DNA verifies Columbus' remains in Spain |work=MSNBC |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna12871458 |url-status=live |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031014325/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12871458/ |archive-date=31 October 2013}}</ref> Such evidence, together with [[anthropology|anthropologic]] and historic analyses, led the researchers to conclude that the remains belonged to Christopher Columbus.<ref name="ÁlvarezMartinez2010">{{cite journal |last1=Álvarez-Cubero |first1=M. J. |last2=Martinez-Gonzalez |first2=L. J. |last3=Saiz |first3=M. |last4=Álvarez |first4=J. C. |last5=Lorente |first5=J. A. |date=June 2010 |title=Nuevas aplicaciones en identificación genética |trans-title=New applications in genetic identification |journal=Cuadernos de Medicina Forense |language=es |volume=16 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.4321/S1135-76062010000100002 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{efn|name=ancestry|DNA from Columbus's presumed remains in Seville were to be used to conduct further ancestral studies, with results initially expected in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 May 2021 |title=Countdown begins to discover where Columbus came from |url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-science-0c320f8e80478206df0515c8047adce5 |url-status=live |access-date=21 May 2021 |work=AP News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519095238/https://apnews.com/article/europe-science-0c320f8e80478206df0515c8047adce5 |archive-date=19 May 2021}}</ref>}}

In 1877, a priest discovered a lead box at Santo Domingo inscribed: "Discoverer of America, First Admiral". Inscriptions found the next year read "Last of the remains of the first admiral, Sire Christopher Columbus, discoverer."{{sfn|Bergreen|2011|ref=none|pp=363–364}} The box contained bones of an arm and a leg, as well as a bullet.{{efn|This same year, dust collected from these remains was placed in a locket, which was placed inside the stern of a [[:File:Silver Caravel. Ashes of Christopher Columbus.png|silver model caravel]]. Two tiny portions of dust from the same source were placed in separate vials.<ref>{{cite book |author=Thacher |first=John Boyd |url=https://archive.org/details/christophercolu01thacgoog |title=Christopher Columbus: his life, his works, his remains: as revealed by original printed and manuscript records, together with an essay on Peter Martyr of Anghera and Bartolomé de las Casas, the first historians of America |publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] |year=1904 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/christophercolu01thacgoog/page/n602 570–73] |author-link=John Boyd Thacher}}</ref>}} These remains were considered legitimate by physician and U.S. Assistant Secretary of State [[John Eugene Osborne]], who suggested in 1913 that they travel through the [[Panama Canal]] as a part of its opening ceremony.<ref name="EveStar">{{cite news |date=17 July 1913 |title=Columbus Buried In San Domingo? |page=11 |work=Evening Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-star/41508800/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102035715/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41508800/evening_star/ |archive-date=2 January 2020 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>{{Efn|Osborne erroneously cited the bullet as evidence that the remains belonged to Columbus.<ref name=EveStar />{{sfn|Bergreen|2011|ref=none|pp=363–364}} (England's [[Francis Drake]], a subsequent infamous explorer, took the ball of an [[arquebus]] in the Indies.)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bergreen |first1=Laurence |title=In Search of a Kingdom |date=2021 |publisher=Mariner Books |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-06-287535-8 |page=188}}</ref>}} These remains were kept at the [[Basilica Cathedral of Santa María la Menor]] (in the Colonial City of Santo Domingo) before being moved to the [[Columbus Lighthouse]] ([[Santo Domingo Este]], inaugurated in 1992). The authorities in Santo Domingo have never allowed these remains to be DNA-tested, so it is unconfirmed whether they are from Columbus's body as well.<ref name="DNA" /><ref name="ÁlvarezMartinez2010" />{{efn|In his 2008 book, author [[Tony Horwitz]] recounts his attempt to see these remains, which are apparently briefly displayed in their crypt (behind a sheet of glass) once a year on Columbus Day.{{sfn|Horwitz|2008|pp=89–90, 92}}}}