Editing China (section)

=== People's Republic ===
{{Main|History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)}}
[[File:Mao Proclaiming New China.JPG|thumb|[[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|The founding ceremony of the People's Republic of China]] was held at 3:00 pm on 1 October 1949. The picture above shows [[Mao Zedong]]'s announcement of the founding of the People's Republic of China in [[Tiananmen Square]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=李丹青 |title=What's behind the founding ceremony of the PRC? |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201909/30/WS5d9d4f5aa310cf3e3556f681.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218080210/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201909/30/WS5d9d4f5aa310cf3e3556f681.html |archive-date=18 February 2023 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref>]]

China emerged victorious but war-ravaged and financially drained. The continued distrust between the [[Kuomintang]] and the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communists]] led to the resumption of civil war. Constitutional rule was established in 1947, but because of the ongoing unrest, many provisions of the [[Constitution of the Republic of China|ROC constitution]] were never implemented in mainland China.<ref name=":1" /> Afterwards, the CCP took control of most of mainland China, and the [[Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|ROC government retreated offshore to Taiwan]].

On 1 October 1949, [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Chairman]] [[Mao Zedong]] formally [[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|proclaimed the People's Republic of China]] in [[Tiananmen Square]], [[Beijing]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Westcott |first1=Ben |last2=Lee |first2=Lily |date=30 September 2019 |title=They were born at the start of Communist China. 70 years later, their country is unrecognizable |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/29/asia/china-beijing-mao-october-1-70-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215045839/https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/29/asia/china-beijing-mao-october-1-70-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> In 1950, the PRC [[Battle of Hainan Island|captured Hainan]] from the ROC<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 1950 |title=Red Capture of Hainan Island |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19500509&id=FUw_AAAAIBAJ&pg=3627,3301880 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810125935/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19500509&id=FUw_AAAAIBAJ&pg=3627,3301880 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |work=[[The Tuscaloosa News]]}}</ref> and [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China|annexed Tibet]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tibetans |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Tibet/tibet.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016102314/http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ir/cews/database/Tibet/tibet.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2013 |access-date=20 July 2013 |publisher=[[University of Southern California]]}}</ref> However, remaining Kuomintang forces continued to wage [[Kuomintang Islamic insurgency|an insurgency in western China]] throughout the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garver |first=John W. |title=The Sino-American alliance: Nationalist China and American Cold War strategy in Asia |date=1997 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-0025-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNCghCIbyVAC&pg=PA169 169]}}</ref> The [[Chinese Communist Party|CCP]] consolidated its popularity among the peasants through the [[Land Reform Movement]], which included the state-tolerated executions of between 1 and 2 million landlords by peasants and former tenants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Busky |first=Donald |title=Communism in History and Theory |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-2759-7733-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6b0j1VINWgC 11]}}</ref> Though the PRC initially allied closely with the [[Soviet Union]], the relations between the two [[Communism|communist]] nations [[Sino-Soviet split|gradually deteriorated]], leading China to develop an independent industrial system and [[China and weapons of mass destruction|its own nuclear weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Country Study: China |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/87600493 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612025703/https://www.loc.gov/item/87600493 |archive-date=12 June 2016 |access-date=3 October 2017 |website=loc.gov|series=Area handbook series |date=January 1988 }}</ref>

The Chinese population increased from 550 million in 1950 to 900 million in 1974.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Madelyn |title=Students and teachers of the new China: thirteen interviews |date=2008 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-3288-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lJK-GRriJAoC 185]}}</ref> However, the [[Great Leap Forward]], an idealistic massive [[Industrialisation|industrialization]] project, resulted in [[Great Chinese Famine|an estimated 15 to 55 million deaths]] between 1959 and 1961, mostly from starvation.<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news |last=Mirsky |first=Jonathan |date=9 December 2012 |title=Unnatural Disaster |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/books/review/tombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962-by-yang-jisheng.html?nl=books&emc=edit_bk_20121207 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211072252/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/books/review/tombstone-the-great-chinese-famine-1958-1962-by-yang-jisheng.html?nl=books&emc=edit_bk_20121207 |archive-date=11 December 2012 |access-date=7 December 2012 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Leslie |title=Communism: A Very Short Introduction |date=2009 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-1995-5154-5 |page=32 |quote=Most estimates of the number of Chinese dead are in the range of 15 to 30 million.}}</ref> In 1964, China detonated its first atomic bomb.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1964: China's first atomic bomb explodes |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/congress/228244.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322065350/http://www.china.org.cn/english/congress/228244.htm |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=china.org.cn}}</ref> In 1966, Mao and his allies launched the [[Cultural Revolution]], sparking a decade of political recrimination and social upheaval that lasted until Mao's death in 1976. In October 1971, the PRC [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|replaced the ROC]] in the United Nations, and took its seat as a permanent member of the Security Council.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kao |first=Michael Y. M. |title=Taiwan in a Time of Transition |date=1988 |publisher=Paragon House |editor-last=Feldman |editor-first=Harvey |page=188 |chapter=Taiwan's and Beijing's Campaigns for Unification |editor-last2=Kao |editor-first2=Michael Y. M. |editor-last3=Kim |editor-first3=Ilpyong J.}}</ref>