Editing Cervical cancer (section)

=== Vaccination ===
{{Main|HPV vaccine}}

There are six licensed HPV vaccines: three bivalent (protect against two types of HPV), two quadrivalent (against four), and [[Gardasil|one nonavalent vaccine]] (against nine)<ref name=WHOcurrentdata/> Three HPV vaccines ([[Gardasil|Gardasil, Gardasil 9]], and [[Cervarix]]) reduce the risk of cancerous or precancerous changes of the cervix and [[perineum]] by about 93% and 62%, respectively.<ref name="Vaccine09">{{cite journal | vauthors = Medeiros LR, Rosa DD, da Rosa MI, Bozzetti MC, Zanini RR | title = Efficacy of human papillomavirus vaccines: a systematic quantitative review | journal = International Journal of Gynecological Cancer | volume = 19 | issue = 7 | pages = 1166–1176 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19823051 | doi = 10.1111/IGC.0b013e3181a3d100 | s2cid = 24695684 | doi-access = free }}</ref> All have excellent safety profiles and are highly efficacious, or have met immunobridging standards.<ref name="WHO2022" />{{rp|p=668}} The vaccines are between 92% and 100% effective against HPV 16 and 18 up to at least 8 years.<ref name=NIHNCIHPV2015/> 

HPV vaccines are typically given to ages 9 to 26, as the vaccine is most effective if given before infection occurs. The primary target group in most of the countries recommending HPV vaccination is young [[Adolescence|adolescent]] girls, aged 9-14.<ref name=WHOcurrentdata/> As of 2022, 125 countries include HPV vaccines in their routine vaccinations for girls, and 47 countries recommend them for boys, as well,<ref name="WHO2022"/>{{rp|p=654}} including Japan.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Risk-Benefit Analysis of the 9-Valent HPV Vaccination for Adolescent Boys from an Individual Perspective|first=Taito|last=Kitano|date=24 March 2022|journal=Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=75|issue=2|pages=114–120|doi=10.7883/yoken.JJID.2021.367|pmid=34334535|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The duration of effectiveness and whether a [[Booster dose|booster]] will be needed is unknown. The high cost of this vaccine has been a cause for concern. Several countries have considered (or are considering) programs to fund HPV vaccination. The [[American Society of Clinical Oncology]] guideline has recommendations for different levels of resource availability.<ref name="Primary Prevention of Cervical Canc"/>