Editing Carl Jung (section)

===Travels===
Jung emerged from his period of isolation in the late 1910s with the publication of several journal articles, followed in 1921 with ''[[Psychological Types]]'', one of his most influential books. There followed a decade of active publication, interspersed with overseas travels.

====England (1920, 1923, 1925, 1935, 1938, 1946)====
Constance Long arranged for Jung to deliver a seminar in [[Cornwall]] in 1920. Another seminar was held in 1923, this one organized by Jung's British protégé [[Helton Godwin Baynes]] (known as "Peter") (1882–1943), and another in 1925.<ref name="McGuire"/>

[[File:Beatrice Ensor Jung Montreux 1923.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Beatrice Ensor]] and Jung in Montreux, Switzerland, 1923, for the Second International [[New Education Movement|New Education Fellowship]] Conference]]
In 1935, at the invitation of his close British friends and colleagues, [[Helton Godwin Baynes|H. G. Baynes]], [[Edward Armstrong Bennet|E. A. Bennet]] and [[Hugh Crichton-Miller]], Jung gave a series of lectures at the [[Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust|Tavistock Clinic]] in London, later published as part of the ''Collected Works''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jung, C.G.|title=Tavistock Lectures, in The Symbolic Life|series= Collected Works, vol.18 |location = London | publisher = Routledge<!-- | year =1935 -->|pages=1–182|isbn=978-0-7100-8291-6|author-link=Carl Jung}}</ref>

In 1938, Jung was awarded an honorary degree by the [[University of Oxford]].{{sfn|Hoerni|Fischer|Kaufmann|2019|p=261}} At the tenth International Medical Congress for Psychotherapy held at Oxford from 29 July to 2 August 1938, Jung gave the presidential address, followed by a visit to [[Cheshire]] to stay with the Bailey family at Lawton Mere.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lunding|first1=N. Chr.|last2=Bruel|first2=Oluf|date=March 1939|title=The Tenth International Congress of Medical Psychotherapy in Oxford, July 29 to August 2, 1938.|journal=Journal of Personality|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=255–258|doi=10.1111/j.1467-6494.1939.tb02147.x|issn=0022-3506}}</ref>

In 1946, Jung agreed to become the first Honorary President of the newly formed [[Society of Analytical Psychology]] in London, having previously approved its training programme devised by [[Michael Fordham]].<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Thomas B. Kirsch]]|title =The Jungians: a Comparative and Historical Perspective|publisher=Routledge|date=2012|page=40|isbn=978-1-134-72551-9}}</ref>

====United States 1909–1912, 1924–1925, & 1936–1937====
During the period of Jung's [[#Relationship with Freud|collaboration with Freud]], both visited the US in 1909 to lecture at Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts,<ref name=king/> where both were awarded honorary degrees. In 1912, Jung gave a series of lectures at Fordham University, New York, which were published later in the year as ''[[Psychology of the Unconscious]]''.<ref name="Gay 2006 225"/> Jung made a more extensive trip westward in the winter of 1924–5, financed and organized by Fowler McCormick and George Porter. Of particular value to Jung was a visit with [[Ochwiay Biano|Chief Mountain Lake]] of the [[Taos Pueblo]] near [[Taos, New Mexico]].<ref name="McGuire">{{cite journal|last=McGuire|first=William|title= Firm Affinities: Jung's relations with Britain and the United States|journal=Journal of Analytical Psychology|year=1995|volume=40|pages=301–326|doi=10.1111/j.1465-5922.1995.00301.x|issue=3}}</ref>  Jung made another trip to America in 1936, receiving an honorary degree at Harvard<ref>{{cite journal |title=Degrees Conferred at the Harvard Tercentenary Celebration|journal=Science |series=New Series |volume=84|issue=2178 |date=25 September 1936 |pages=285–286|doi=10.1126/science.84.2178.285-a|jstor=1662296}}</ref> and giving lectures in New York and New England for his growing group of American followers. He returned in 1937 to deliver the [[Terry Lectures]] at [[Yale University]], later published as ''Psychology and Religion''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Psychology and Western Religion|last=Jung|first=Carl|publisher=Ark Routledge|year=1988|isbn=978-0-7448-0091-3|page=v|quote=A third and equally weighty essay is ''Psychology and Religion'', originally given as the Terry Lectures at Yale University in 1937.}} Editorial Note by William McGuire.</ref>

====East Africa====
In October 1925, Jung embarked on his most ambitious expedition, the "Bugishu Psychological Expedition" to East Africa. He was accompanied by his English friend, [[Helton Godwin Baynes|"Peter" Baynes]], and an American associate, [[George Beckwith (Carl Jung associate)|George Beckwith]]. On the voyage to Africa, they became acquainted with an English woman named Ruth Bailey, who joined their safari a few weeks later. The group traveled through Kenya and Uganda to the slopes of [[Mount Elgon]], where Jung hoped to increase his understanding of "primitive psychology" through conversations with the culturally isolated residents of that area. Later, he concluded that the major insights he had gleaned had to do with himself and the European psychology in which he had been raised.<ref>{{cite book|title=Race and White Identity in Southern Fiction: From Faulkner to Morrison|url=https://archive.org/details/racewhiteidentit00duva|url-access=limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/racewhiteidentit00duva/page/n185 165]|year=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|first=John N.|last=Duvall|isbn=978-0-230-61182-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Burleson|first=Blake W.|title=Jung in Africa|year=2005|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-8264-6921-2}}</ref>  One of Jung's most famous proposed constructs is kinship libido. Jung defined this as an instinctive feeling of belonging to a particular group or family and believed it was vital to the human experience and used this as an endogamous aspect of the libido and what lies amongst the family. This is similar to a Bantu term called [[Ubuntu philosophy|Ubuntu]] that emphasizes humanity and almost the same meaning as kinship libido, which is, "I am because you are."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vaughan |first1=A.G |title=African American cultural history and reflections on Jung in the African Diaspora |journal=Journal of Analytical Psychology |date=2019 |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=320–348 |doi=10.1111/1468-5922.12501|pmid=31070251 |s2cid=148570214 }}</ref>

====India====
[[File:ETH-BIB-Jung, Carl Gustav (1875-1961)-Portrait-Portr 14163 (cropped).tif|thumb|left|upright|Jung in about 1935]]
In December 1937, Jung left Zurich again for an extensive tour of India with Fowler McCormick. In India, he felt himself "under the direct influence of a foreign culture" for the first time. In Africa, his conversations had been strictly limited by the language barrier, but he could converse extensively in India. [[Hindu philosophy]] became an important element in his understanding of the role of symbolism and the life of the unconscious, though he avoided a meeting with [[Ramana Maharshi]]. He described Ramana as being absorbed in "the self". During these travels, he visited the [[Vedagiriswarar Temple]], where he had a conversation with a local expert about the symbols and sculptures on the [[gopuram]] of this temple. He later wrote about this conversation<ref>"When I visited the ancient pagoda at Turukalukundram [''sic''], southern India, a local pundit explained to me that the old temples were purposely covered on the outside, from top to bottom, with obscene sculptures, to remind ordinary people of their sexuality. The spirit, he said, was a great danger because ''Yama'', the god of death, would instantly carry off these people (the "imperfecti") if they trod the spiritual path directly, without preparation. The erotic sculptures were meant to remind them of their ''dharma'' (law), which bids them fulfil their ordinary lives. Only when they have fulfilled their dharma can they tread the spiritual path. The obscenities were intended to arouse the erotic curiosity of visitors to the temples so that they should not forget their dharma; otherwise, they would not fulfil it. Only the man who was qualified by his ''karma'' (the fate earned through works in previous existences) and who was destined for the life of the spirit could ignore this injunction with impunity, for to him, these obscenities mean nothing. That was also why the two seductresses stood at the temple entrance, luring the people to fulfill their dharma, because only in this way could the ordinary man attain higher spiritual development. And since the temple represented the whole world, all human activities were portrayed. Because most people are always thinking of sex anyway, the great majority of the temple sculptures were of an erotic nature. For this reason, too, he said, the ''lingam'' (phallus) stands in the sacred cavity of the ''adyton'' (Holy of Holies), in the ''garbha griha'' (house of the womb). This pundit was a Tantrist (scholastic; tantra = 'book')." -- C. G. Jung, from {{cite book |last=Segal |first=Rober A. |date=1992 |title=The Gnostic Jung |location=New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press|page=86 |isbn=978-0-691-01923-9}}</ref> in his book [[The Collected Works of C. G. Jung#Aion|Aion]].<ref>Also published in his [[The Collected Works of C. G. Jung|Collected Works]] as a footnote to paragraph 339 in chapter 7.{{cite book |last=Jung |first=Carl Gustav |date=1989 |title=Aion - Beiträge zur Symbolik des Selbst |edition=7 |series=C G Jung Gesammelte Werke |volume = 9/2 |at=para. 339 |location=Olten und Freiburg im Breisgau |publisher=Walter Verlag |isbn= 3-530-40798-4| chapter=VII-Gnostische Symbole des Selbst}}</ref> Jung became seriously ill on this trip and endured two weeks of [[delirium]] in a Calcutta hospital. After 1938, his travels were confined to Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bair |first=Deirdre |title= Jung: A Biography |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-316-07665-4 |pages=417–430|publisher=Little, Brown }}</ref>