Editing Cardinal (Catholic Church) (section)

===Cardinals who are not bishops===
[[File:El cardenal Reginald Pole, por Sebastiano del Piombo.jpg|thumb|[[Reginald Pole]] was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest.]]

Until 1918, any cleric, even one only in [[minor orders]], could be created a cardinal (see "[[lay cardinal]]s", below), but enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, [[Reginald Pole]] was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. The [[1917 Code of Canon Law]] mandated that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests,<ref>Canon 232 §1 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law.</ref> and, in 1962, [[Pope John XXIII]] set the norm that all cardinals be consecrated as [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishops]], even if they are only priests at the time of appointment.<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19620415_cum-gravissima_lt.html Motu proprio ''Cum gravissima'', 15 April 1962] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302231616/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/motu_proprio/documents/hf_j-xxiii_motu-proprio_19620415_cum-gravissima_lt.html |date=2 March 2013}}.</ref>

As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the [[1983 Code of Canon Law]] requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals near to or over the age of 80 when appointed have obtained [[Dispensation (Catholic Church)|dispensation]] from the rule of having to be a bishop.{{efn|Examples include [[Domenico Bartolucci]], [[Karl Josef Becker]], [[Yves Congar]], [[Avery Dulles]], [[Aloys Grillmeier]], [[Henri de Lubac]], [[Leo Scheffczyk]], [[Roberto Tucci]], [[Albert Vanhoye]], and [[Raniero Cantalamessa]].}} These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but [[Roberto Tucci]] and [[Albert Vanhoye]] lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. Since the 1962 rule change, [[Timothy Radcliffe]] has been the only non-bishop cardinal who took part in a papal election in the [[2025 papal conclave]].

A cardinal who is not a bishop is entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other [[pontificalia]], episcopal regalia being the [[mitre]], [[crozier]], [[zucchetto]], [[pectoral cross]], and ring. He has both actual and honorary precedence over archbishops, and bishops who are not cardinals. However, he cannot perform the sacrament of [[Holy Orders|ordination]] or other rites reserved solely to bishops.