Editing Carbon nanotube (section)

=== Other morphologies ===
[[File:NanoBud.JPG|thumb|A stable [[Carbon nanobud|nanobud]] structure]]
[[Carbon nanobud]]s are a newly created material combining two previously discovered allotropes of carbon: carbon nanotubes and [[fullerene]]s. In this new material, fullerene-like "buds" are covalently bonded to the outer sidewalls of the underlying carbon nanotube. This hybrid material has useful properties of both fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. In particular, they have been found to be exceptionally good [[field electron emission|field emitters]].<ref name="Nasibulin">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nasibulin AG, Pikhitsa PV, Jiang H, Brown DP, Krasheninnikov AV, Anisimov AS, Queipo P, Moisala A, Gonzalez D, Lientschnig G, Hassanien A, Shandakov SD, Lolli G, Resasco DE, Choi M, Tománek D, Kauppinen EI | title = A novel hybrid carbon material | journal = Nature Nanotechnology | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 156–161 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 18654245 | doi = 10.1038/nnano.2007.37 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2007NatNa...2..156N }}</ref> In [[composite material]]s, the attached fullerene molecules may function as molecular anchors preventing slipping of the nanotubes, thus improving the composite's mechanical properties.

A [[carbon peapod]]<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Smith BW, Monthioux M, Luzzi DE |year=1998 |title= Encapsulated C-60 in carbon nanotubes |journal=Nature |volume=396 |issue=6709 |pages=323–324 |bibcode=1998Natur.396R.323S|doi=10.1038/24521 |s2cid=30670931}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Smith BW, Luzzi DE |year=2000|title=Formation mechanism of fullerene peapods and coaxial tubes: a path to large scale synthesis|journal=Chem. Phys. Lett.|volume=321|issue=1–2|pages=169–174|bibcode=2000CPL...321..169S|doi=10.1016/S0009-2614(00)00307-9 }}</ref> is a novel hybrid carbon material which traps fullerene inside a carbon nanotube. It can possess interesting magnetic properties with heating and irradiation. It can also be applied as an oscillator during theoretical investigations and predictions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Su H, Goddard WA, Zhao Y |year=2006 |title= Dynamic friction force in a carbon peapod oscillator |journal=Nanotechnology |volume=17 |issue=22 |pages=5691–5695 |arxiv=cond-mat/0611671|bibcode=2006Nanot..17.5691S|doi=10.1088/0957-4484/17/22/026 |s2cid=18165997|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/6289/1/SUHnanotech06.pdf |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/6289/1/SUHnanotech06.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang M, Li CM | title = An oscillator in a carbon peapod controllable by an external electric field: a molecular dynamics study | journal = Nanotechnology | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | page = 035704 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 19966399 | doi = 10.1088/0957-4484/21/3/035704 | s2cid = 12358310 | bibcode = 2010Nanot..21c5704W }}</ref>

In theory, a nanotorus is a carbon nanotube bent into a [[torus]] (doughnut shape). Nanotori are predicted to have many unique properties, such as magnetic moments 1000 times larger than that previously expected for certain specific radii.<ref name="nanotori">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu L, Guo GY, Jayanthi CS, Wu SY | title = Colossal paramagnetic moments in metallic carbon nanotori | journal = Physical Review Letters | volume = 88 | issue = 21 | page = 217206 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 12059501 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.217206 | bibcode = 2002PhRvL..88u7206L | url = http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/163841 }}</ref> Properties such as [[magnetic moment]], thermal stability, etc. vary widely depending on the radius of the torus and the radius of the tube.<ref name="nanotori" /><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Huhtala M, Kuronen A, Kaski K |year=2002|title=Carbon nanotube structures: Molecular dynamics simulation at realistic limit |url= http://www.princeton.edu/~msammalk/publications/cpc146_02.pdf |journal= [[Computer Physics Communications]] | volume=146|issue=1|pages=30–37 |bibcode=2002CoPhC.146...30H |doi=10.1016/S0010-4655(02)00432-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627183309/http://www.princeton.edu/~msammalk/publications/cpc146_02.pdf|archive-date=27 June 2008}}</ref>

[[Graphenated carbon nanotube]]s are a relatively new hybrid that combines [[Graphite|graphitic]] foliates grown along the sidewalls of multiwalled or bamboo-style CNTs. The foliate density can vary as a function of deposition conditions (e.g., temperature and time) with their structure ranging from a few layers of [[graphene]] (< 10) to thicker, more [[graphite]]-like.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Parker CB, Raut AS, Brown B, Stoner BR, Glass JT |title=Three-dimensional arrays of graphenated carbon nanotubes|journal=J. Mater. Res.|year=2012|volume=27|series=7|pages=1046–1053 |doi=10.1557/jmr.2012.43|issue=7|bibcode = 2012JMatR..27.1046P|s2cid=137964473 }}</ref> The fundamental advantage of an integrated [[graphene]]-CNT structure is the high surface area three-dimensional framework of the CNTs coupled with the high edge density of graphene. Depositing a high density of graphene foliates along the length of aligned CNTs can significantly increase the total [[Capacitance|charge capacity]] per unit of nominal area as compared to other carbon nanostructures.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Stoner BR, Glass JT |title=Carbon nanostructures: a morphological classification for charge density optimization|journal=Diamond and Related Materials|year=2012|volume=23|pages=130–134|doi=10.1016/j.diamond.2012.01.034|bibcode = 2012DRM....23..130S}}</ref>

Cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs) differ from other quasi-1D carbon structures, which normally behave as quasi-metallic conductors of electrons. CSCNTs exhibit semiconducting behavior because of the stacking microstructure of graphene layers.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Liu Q, Ren W, Chen ZG, Yin L, Li F, Cong H, Cheng HM |year=2009|title=Semiconducting properties of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes |url= http://carbon.imr.ac.cn/file/Journal/2009/1249016438117.pdf |journal= Carbon |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=731–736 |doi=10.1016/j.carbon.2008.11.005 |bibcode=2009Carbo..47..731L |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002837/http://carbon.imr.ac.cn/file/Journal/2009/1249016438117.pdf |archive-date=2015-01-09}}</ref>