Editing Campylobacter (section)

=== Italy ===
In Italy, the annual prevalence of ''Campylobacter'' infections appears to be relatively stable based on findings from a national survey conducted on more than 5000 isolates. The survey revealed that the most common species of ''Campylobacter'' were ''C. jejuni'', accounting for 83.7% of isolates, followed by ''C. coli'' (13.5%) and ''C. fetus'' (0.6%). The mean age of affected patients was 34.61 years, with males constituting 57.1% of cases. Outpatients represented the majority of cases, comprising 54% of the total. ''Campylobacter'' infections were predominantly isolated from feces, accounting for 97.3% of cases, while a smaller proportion (2.7%) was isolated from blood. Notably, ''C. fetus'' was primarily isolated from blood samples, constituting 88.2% of cases. Regarding antibiotic resistance patterns, the survey found that resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines was relatively high, with rates of 75.5% and 54.8%, respectively. In contrast, resistance to macrolides, including erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin, was lower, with rates ranging from 2% to 4.8%. Additionally, approximately 50% of ''C. jejuni'' and ''C. coli'' isolates exhibited resistance to two or more antibiotics. There was a significant decrease in resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines over time, while resistance to macrolides remained stable.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zerbato |first=Verena |last2=Di Bella |first2=Stefano |last3=Pol |first3=Riccardo |last4=Luzzati |first4=Roberto |last5=Sanson |first5=Gianfranco |last6=Ambretti |first6=Simone |last7=Andreoni |first7=Stefano |last8=Aschbacher |first8=Richard |last9=Bernardo |first9=Mariano |last10=Bielli |first10=Alessandra |last11=Brigante |first11=Gioconda |last12=Busetti |first12=Marina |last13=Camarlinghi |first13=Giulio |last14=Carcione |first14=Davide |last15=Carducci |first15=Antonella |date=2024-03-12 |title=Human Campylobacter spp. infections in Italy |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10096-024-04803-0 |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10096-024-04803-0 |issn=0934-9723}}</ref>