Editing Broken windows theory (section)

=== Mexico City ===
An 18-month study by Carlos Vilalta in Mexico City showed that framework of Broken Windows Theory on homicide in suburban neighborhoods was not a direct correlation, but a "concentrated disadvantage" in the perception of fear and modes of crime prevention.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vilalta |first1=Carlos J. |last2=Lopez |first2=Pablo |last3=Fondevila |first3=Gustavo |last4=Siordia |first4=Oscar |date=23 December 2019 |title=Testing Broken Windows Theory in Mexico City |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ssqu.12760 |journal=Social Science Quarterly |language=en |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=558–572 |doi=10.1111/ssqu.12760 |s2cid=213569444 |issn=0038-4941}}</ref> In areas with more social disorder (such as public intoxication), an increased perception of law-abiding citizens to feel unsafe amplified the impact of homicide occurring in the neighborhood. It was also found that it was more effective in preventing instances of violent crime among people living in areas with less physical structural decay (such as [[graffiti]]), lending credence to the Broken Windows Theory basis that law enforcement is trusted more among those in areas with less disorder.

Furthering this data, a 2023 study conducted by Ricardo Massa on residency near clandestine [[Landfill|dumpsites]] associated economic disenfranchisement with high physical disorder.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Massa |first1=Ricardo |last2=Fondevila |first2=Gustavo |last3=Gutiérrez-Meave |first3=Raúl |last4=Bonilla Alguera |first4=Gerardo |date=2023-07-21 |title=Clandestine Dumpsites and Crime in Mexico City: Revisiting the Broken Windows Theory |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00111287231186083 |journal=Crime & Delinquency |language=en |doi=10.1177/00111287231186083 |s2cid=260071521 |issn=0011-1287}}</ref> The neighborhoods that had high concentrations of landfill waste were correlated with crimes (such as vehicle theft and robbery), and most significantly crimes related to property. In a space where property damage and neglect is normalized, a person's response to this type of environment can also greatly be affected by their perception of their surroundings. It was also concluded that non-residents of these high-concentration areas tended to fear and avoid these locations, seeing as there was typically less surveillance and lack of community efficacy surrounding clandestine dumpsites. However, despite this fear, Massa also notes that, in this case, individual targets for crime (such as homicide or rape) were unlikely compared to the vandalism of public and private property.