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==Politics== {{Main|Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} ===Government=== {{Main|Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[File:Map Bih entities.png|thumb|Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (FBiH), [[Republika Srpska]] (RS) and [[Brčko District]] (BD)]] As a result of the [[Dayton Agreement]], the civilian peace implementation is supervised by the [[High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina]] selected by the [[Peace Implementation Council]] (PIC). The High Representative is the highest political authority in the country. The High Representative has many governmental and legislative powers, including the dismissal of elected and non-elected officials. Due to the vast powers of the High Representative over [[Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian politics]] and essential [[veto]] powers, the position has also been compared to that of a [[viceroy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Two visions for Bosnia |url=https://www.economist.com/eastern-approaches/2011/04/13/two-visions-for-bosnia |newspaper=The Economist |date=13 April 2011 |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712152241/https://www.economist.com/eastern-approaches/2011/04/13/two-visions-for-bosnia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Carlos Westendorp, Bosnia's Euro-Spanish viceroy |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/1998/09/03/carlos-westendorp-bosnias-euro-spanish-viceroy |newspaper=The Economist |date=3 September 1998 |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713162742/https://www.economist.com/europe/1998/09/03/carlos-westendorp-bosnias-euro-spanish-viceroy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Interview: Christian Schwarz-Schilling, High Representative for BiH: "The Last Bosnian Viceroy" |url=http://www.ohr.int/interview-christian-schwarz-schilling-high-representative-for-bih-the-last-bosnian-viceroy-4/ |website=Office of the High Representative |language=sr-RS |date=31 March 2006 |access-date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714005227/http://www.ohr.int/interview-christian-schwarz-schilling-high-representative-for-bih-the-last-bosnian-viceroy-4/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Google books|55NPpA6EvyMC|A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide: Portraits of Evil and Good|page=25|keywords=Viceroy|text=|plainurl=}}</ref> Politics take place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]], whereby [[Executive (government)|executive power]] is exercised by the [[Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. [[Legislature|Legislative power]] is vested in both the Council of Ministers and the [[Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. Members of the Parliamentary Assembly are chosen according to a [[proportional representation]] (PR) system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parlament.ba/Content/Read/182?title=ParlamentarizamuBosniiHercegoviniuperiodu1945.%E2%80%931990.&lang=en|title=Parliamentarism in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the period 1945 – 1990|website=parlament.ba|access-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913174033/http://parlament.ba/Content/Read/182?title=ParlamentarizamuBosniiHercegoviniuperiodu1945.%E2%80%931990.&lang=en|archive-date=13 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccbh.ba/public/down/USTAV_BOSNE_I_HERCEGOVINE_engl.pdf|title=Open and transparent budget process in Western Balkan countries|author=Marjan Nikolov and Borce Trenovski and Gabriela Dimovska|publisher=MPRA Paper No. 76299|year=2015|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028162530/http://www.ccbh.ba/public/down/USTAV_BOSNE_I_HERCEGOVINE_engl.pdf|archive-date=28 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Bosnia and Herzegovina is a [[liberal democracy]].{{clarify|date=January 2023}} It has several levels of political structuring, according to the [[Dayton Agreement]]. The most important of these levels is the division of the country into two entities: the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Republika Srpska]]. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina covers 51% of Bosnia and Herzegovina's total area, while Republika Srpska covers 49%. The entities, based largely on the territories held by the two warring sides at the time, were formally established by the Dayton Agreement in 1995 because of the tremendous changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina's ethnic structure. At the national level, there exists only a finite set of exclusive or joint competencies, whereas the majority of authority rests within the entities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kapidžić |first=Damir |chapter=Subnational competitive authoritarianism and power-sharing in Bosnia and Herzegovina |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003208327-5/subnational-competitive-authoritarianism-power-sharing-bosnia-herzegovina-damir-kapid%C5%BEi%C4%87 |title=Illiberal Politics in Southeast Europe |year=2021 |pages=79–99 |access-date=2023-03-29 |doi=10.4324/9781003208327-5|isbn=9781003208327 }}</ref> [[Sumantra Bose]] describes Bosnia and Herzegovina as a consociational [[confederation]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |author-link=Sumantra Bose |date=2003 |title=Bosnia after Dayton. Nationalist Partition and International Intervention |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=21 |isbn=9781850656456}}</ref> The [[Brčko District]] in the north of the country was created in 2000, out of land from both entities. It officially belongs to both, but is governed by neither, and functions under a decentralized system of local government. For election purposes, Brčko District voters can choose to participate in either the Federation or Republika Srpska elections. The Brčko District has been praised for maintaining a multiethnic population and a level of prosperity significantly above the national average.<ref name="OHR">OHR Bulletin 66 (3 February 1998). [http://www.ohr.int/ohr-dept/presso/chronology/bulletins/default.asp?content_id=4991#8 – Final hearing of the Arbitration Tribunal in Vienna] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605052623/http://www.ohr.int/ohr-dept/presso/chronology/bulletins/default.asp?content_id=4991#8 |date=5 June 2015 }}. OHR.</ref> {{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Parliament (6042784223).jpg | caption1 = Bosnia and Herzegovina's [[Greece–Bosnia and Herzegovina Friendship Building|government building]] in [[Sarajevo]] | image2 = Hipotekarna banka palata predsjednika.JPG | caption2 = [[Palace of the Republic, Banja Luka|Palace of the Republic]] in [[Banja Luka]] }} The third level of Bosnia and Herzegovina's political subdivision is manifested in [[Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|cantons]]. They are unique to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity, which consists of ten of them. Each has a cantonal government, which is under the law of the Federation as a whole. Some cantons are ethnically mixed and have special laws to ensure the equality of all constituent people.<ref name="Mansfield 2003 pp. 2052–2093">{{cite journal|last=Morawiec Mansfield|first=Anna|title=Ethnic but Equal: The Quest for a New Democratic Order in Bosnia and Herzegovina|journal=Columbia Law Review|publisher=Columbia Law Review Association, Inc.|volume=103|issue=8|year=2003|issn=0010-1958|pages=2052–2093|doi=10.2307/3593383|jstor=3593383|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3593383|access-date=2021-06-22|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102161309/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3593383|url-status=live}}</ref> The fourth level of political division in Bosnia and Herzegovina are the [[Municipalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina|municipalities]]. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into 79 municipalities, and Republika Srpska into 64. Municipalities also have their own local government, and are typically based on the most significant city or place in their territory. As such, many municipalities have a long tradition and history with their present boundaries. Some others, however, were only created following the recent war after traditional municipalities were split by the [[Inter-Entity Boundary Line]]. Each canton in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of several municipalities, which are divided into local communities.<ref name="CoR">{{cite web | title=Division of Powers – Bosnia-Herzegovina | website=CoR | url=https://portal.cor.europa.eu/divisionpowers/Pages/Bosnia-Herzegovina.aspx | access-date=2021-06-22 | archive-date=24 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203658/https://portal.cor.europa.eu/divisionpowers/Pages/Bosnia-Herzegovina.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> Besides entities, cantons, and municipalities, Bosnia and Herzegovina also has four "official" cities. These are: [[Banja Luka]], [[Mostar]], [[Sarajevo]] and [[Istočno Sarajevo|East Sarajevo]]. The territory and government of the cities of Banja Luka and Mostar corresponds to the municipalities of the same name, while the cities of Sarajevo and East Sarajevo officially consist of several municipalities. Cities have their own city government whose power is in between that of the municipalities and cantons (or the entity, in the case of Republika Srpska). More recently, several central institutions have been established (such as a [[defence minister|defense ministry]], security ministry, state court, [[indirect tax]]ation service and so on) in the process of transferring part of the jurisdiction from the entities to the state. The representation of the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina is by elites who represent the country's three major groups, with each having a guaranteed share of power. The [[Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Chair]] of the [[Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] rotates among three members ([[Bosniaks|Bosniak]], [[Serbs|Serb]], [[Croats|Croat]]), each elected as the chair for an eight-month term within their four-year term as a member. The three members of the Presidency are elected directly by the people, with Federation voters voting for the Bosniak and the Croat and the Republika Srpska voters voting for the Serb. The [[Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Chair of the Council of Ministers]] is nominated by the Presidency and approved by the parliamentary [[House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina|House of Representatives]]. The Chair of the Council of Ministers is then responsible for appointing a Foreign Minister, Minister of Foreign Trade and others as appropriate. The Parliamentary Assembly is the lawmaking body in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It consists of two houses: the [[House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina|House of Peoples]] and the House of Representatives. The House of Peoples has 15 delegates chosen by parliaments of the entities, two-thirds of which come from the Federation (5 Bosniaks and 5 Croats) and one-third from the Republika Srpska (5 Serbs). The House of Representatives is composed of 42 Members elected by the people under a form of proportional representation, two-thirds elected from the Federation and one-third elected from Republika Srpska.<ref name="Heath-Brown 2017 p. 221">{{cite book | last=Heath-Brown | first=N. | title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2016: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-349-57823-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDkUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA221 | access-date=2021-06-22 | page=221 | archive-date=14 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214150504/https://books.google.com/books?id=lDkUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA221 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] is the supreme, final arbiter of legal matters. It is composed of nine members: four members are selected by the [[House of Representatives of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Federal House of Representatives]], two by the [[National Assembly (Republika Srpska)|National Assembly of Republika Srpska]] and three by the President of the [[European Court of Human Rights]] after consultation with the Presidency, who cannot be Bosnian citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccbh.ba/o-sudu/?title=ustrojstvo |title='Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Organization'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224192030/http://www.ccbh.ba/o-sudu/?title=ustrojstvo|archive-date=24 February 2021}}</ref> However, the highest political authority in the country is the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, the chief [[executive officer]] for the international civilian presence in the country and is selected by the [[European Union]]. Since 1995, the High Representative has been able to bypass the elected parliamentary assembly, and since 1997 has been able to remove elected officials. The methods selected by the High Representative have been criticized as undemocratic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol7num2/special/bosnia.html |title='The Contradictions of "Democracy" without Consent', East European Constitutional Review, New York University Law School, 1998 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517144513/http://www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol7num2/special/bosnia.html |archive-date=17 May 2013}}</ref> International supervision [[High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina#Conditions for closure of the Office of the High Representative|is to end when the country is deemed politically and democratically stable and self-sustaining]]. ===Military=== {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px #ddd solid;" |+ '''Branches of the Bosnian-Herzegovian Armed Forces''' |- style="text-align:center;" | style="width:200px;"|[[File:Combined Resolve XV AFBiH2 RPG Dismount.jpg|border|x120px]]<br><small>[[Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Ground Forces]]<br>Combined Resolve XV</small> | style="width:200px;"|[[File:Bell Huey II Bosnian Air Force.jpg|border|x120px]]<br><small>[[Air Force and Anti-Aircraft Defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Air Force]]<br>[[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|TH-1H Huey]] [[Military transport aircraft|main transport aircraft]]</small> |} The [[Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (OSBiH) were unified into a single entity in 2005, with the merger of the [[Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and the [[Army of Republika Srpska]], which had defended their respective regions.<ref name="Lobjakas 2005">{{cite web | last=Lobjakas | first=Ahto | title=Bosnia-Herzegovina: NATO Aims To Merge Rival Armies Into Single Bosnian Force | website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty | date=2005-08-18 | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1060755.html | access-date=2021-06-22 | archive-date=24 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204940/https://www.rferl.org/a/1060755.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Ministry of Defence (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Ministry of Defence]] was formed in 2004.<ref name="NATO 2004">{{cite web | title=Opinion: Nikola Radovanović: Bosnian Defence Minister, 01-Oct.-2004 | website=NATO | date=2004-03-15 | url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_21117.htm | access-date=2021-06-22 | archive-date=29 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629033915/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_21117.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> The Bosnian military consists of the [[Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Ground Forces]] and [[Air Force and Anti-Aircraft Defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Air Force and Air Defense]].<ref name="European Western Balkans 2017">{{cite web | title=The Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Role of NATO | website=European Western Balkans | date=2017-01-20 | url=https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2017/01/20/the-armed-forces-of-bosnia-and-herzegovina-and-the-role-of-nato/ | access-date=2021-06-23 | archive-date=16 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816222528/https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2017/01/20/the-armed-forces-of-bosnia-and-herzegovina-and-the-role-of-nato/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The Ground Forces number 7,200 active and 5,000 reserve personnel.<ref name="mod.gov.ba 2016">{{cite web | title=MINISTARSTVO ODBRANE I ORUŽANE SNAGE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE MINISTARSTVO ODB | website=mod.gov.ba | date=2016-03-04 | url=http://www.mod.gov.ba/files/file/brosure/Brosura_MO_mart_2013_bs.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032832/http://www.mod.gov.ba/files/file/brosure/Brosura_MO_mart_2013_bs.pdf | archive-date=2016-03-04 | url-status=dead | access-date=2021-06-23}}</ref> They are armed with a mix of American, Yugoslav, Soviet, and European-made weaponry, vehicles, and military equipment. The Air Force and Air Defense Forces have 1,500 personnel and about 62 aircraft. The Air Defense Forces operate [[Man-portable air-defense system|MANPADS]] hand-held missiles, [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM) batteries, anti-aircraft cannons, and radar. The Army has recently adopted remodeled [[MARPAT]] uniforms, used by Bosnian soldiers serving with the [[International Security Assistance Force]] (ISAF) in [[Afghanistan]]. A domestic production program is now underway to ensure that army units are equipped with the correct ammunition.<ref name="Global Firepower">{{cite web | title=2021 Bosnia and Herzegovina Military Strength | website=Global Firepower | url=https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.php?country_id=bosnia-and-herzegovina | access-date=2021-06-23 | archive-date=24 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212133/https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.php?country_id=bosnia-and-herzegovina | url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning in 2007, the Ministry of Defence undertook the army's first ever international assistance mission, enlisting the military to serve with ISAF peace missions to Afghanistan, [[Iraq]] and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] in 2007. Five officers, acting as officers/advisors, served in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 45 soldiers, mostly acting as base security and medical assistants, served in Afghanistan. 85 Bosnian soldiers served as base security in Iraq, occasionally conducting infantry patrols there as well. All three deployed groups have been commended by their respective international forces as well as the Ministry of Defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The international assistance operations are still ongoing.<ref name="NATO 2015">{{cite web | title=Topic: Relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina | website=NATO | date=2015-06-23 | url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49127.htm | access-date=2021-06-23 | archive-date=6 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706153434/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49127.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> The Air Force and Anti-Aircraft Defence of Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed when elements of the Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the [[Republika Srpska Air Force]] were merged in 2006. The Air Force has seen improvements in the last few years with added funds for aircraft repairs and improved cooperation with the [[Army|Ground Forces]] as well as to the citizens of the country. The Ministry of Defence is pursuing the acquisition of new aircraft including helicopters and perhaps even fighter jets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/bosnia-breaks-through-ethnic-divide-by-merging-serb-muslim-croat-forces-1.43446|title=Bosnia breaks through ethnic divide by merging Serb, Muslim-Croat forces|newspaper=Stars and Stripes|date=11 January 2006|access-date=13 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002064503/https://www.stripes.com/news/bosnia-breaks-through-ethnic-divide-by-merging-serb-muslim-croat-forces-1.43446|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} {{See also|Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union}} [[File:Secretary Clinton Meets With President of Bosnia and Herzegovina Zeljko Komsic (6507403825).jpg|thumb|[[Željko Komšić]], Croat member of the [[Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Presidency]], and [[Hillary Clinton]], U.S. Secretary of State, 13 December 2011]] [[Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union|European Union integration]] is one of the main political objectives of Bosnia and Herzegovina; it initiated the [[Stabilisation and Association Process]] in 2007. Countries participating in the SAP have been offered the possibility to become, once they fulfill the necessary conditions, Member States of the EU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/potential-candidate-countries/bosnia_and_herzegovina/eu_bosnia_and_herzegovina_relations_en.htm|title=European Commission – Enlargement – Bosnia and Herzegovina – Relations with the EU|work=Europa (web portal)|access-date=3 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126024355/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/potential-candidate-countries/bosnia_and_herzegovina/eu_bosnia_and_herzegovina_relations_en.htm|archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref> Bosnia and Herzegovina has been a candidate country for EU accession since December 2022.<ref name="sarajevotimes"/> Accession talks are set to begin following the impeding of more reforms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/bosnia-close-eu-green-light-membership-talks-2024-03-21/|title=EU leaders invite Bosnia to membership talks in historic step|first1=Nette|last1=Noestlinger|first2=Daria|last2=Sito-sucic|first3=Andrew|last3=Gray|publisher=Reuters|date=2024-03-21|accessdate=2024-03-21}}</ref> The implementation of the [[Dayton Agreement]] in 1995 has focused the efforts of policymakers in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the international community, on regional stabilization in the countries-successors of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|former Yugoslavia]].<ref name="Usa 2012 p. 269">{{cite book | last=Usa | first=Ibp | title=Bosnia and Herzegovina Doing Business for Everyone Guide – Practical Information and Contacts | publisher=International Business Publications USA | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4387-7171-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6KiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA269 | access-date=2021-06-22 | page=269 | archive-date=14 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214150459/https://books.google.com/books?id=D6KiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA269 | url-status=live }}</ref> Within Bosnia and Herzegovina, relations with its neighbors of [[Croatia]], [[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]] have been fairly stable since the signing of the Dayton Agreement. On 23 April 2010, Bosnia and Herzegovina received the [[Enlargement of NATO#Membership Action Plan|Membership Action Plan]] from [[NATO]], which is the last step before full membership in the alliance. Full membership was initially expected in 2014 or 2015, depending on the progress of reforms.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8638794.stm|title=Bosnia gets Nato membership plan|date=22 April 2010|access-date=9 March 2019|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328045001/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8638794.stm|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2018, NATO approved a Bosnian Membership Action Plan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2018/12/05/nato-approves-membership-action-plan-with-bosnia-12-05-2018/|title=NATO Approves Membership Action Plan for Bosnia|date=5 December 2018|website=Balkan Insight|language=en-US|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809205751/https://balkaninsight.com/2018/12/05/nato-approves-membership-action-plan-with-bosnia-12-05-2018/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bosnia and Herzegovina is the 61st most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf|title=2024 Global Peace Index}}</ref>
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