Editing Bell Labs (section)

===1960s===
On October 1, 1960, the Kwajalein Field Station was announced as a location for the [[Nike Zeus]] test program. Mr. R. W. Benfer was the first director to arrive shortly on October 5 for the program. Bell Labs designed many of the major system elements and conducted fundamental investigations of phase-controlled scanning antenna arrays.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alternatewars.com/WW3/WW3_Documents/ABM_Bell/ABM_Pt1.htm |title=Part I. HISTORY OF ABM DEVELOPMENT |website=Alternatewars.com |access-date=July 25, 2022 |archive-date=April 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183154/http://www.alternatewars.com/WW3/WW3_Documents/ABM_Bell/ABM_Pt1.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:US Patent 3118022 - Gerhard M. Sessler James E. West - Bell labs - electroacustic transducer - foil electret condenser microphone 1962 1964 - pages 1-3.png|thumb|The patent for the electret microphone, an invention by Gerhard Sessler and James West]]
[[File:Bell Laboratories logo.svg|alt=Bell Laboratories Logo from 1969 to 1983|thumb|Logo used from 1969 until 1983, featuring the icon designed by [[Saul Bass]]]]
In December 1960, [[Ali Javan]], PhD physicist from the University of Tehran, Iran with help by [[Rolf Seebach]] and his associates [[Dr. William R. Bennett Jr.|William Bennett]] and Donald Heriot, successfully operated the first [[gas laser]], the first continuous-light laser, operating at an unprecedented accuracy and color purity.

In 1962, the [[electret microphone]] was invented by [[Gerhard Sessler|Gerhard M. Sessler]] and [[James West (inventor)|James E. West]]. Also in 1962, [[John R. Pierce]]'s vision of [[communications satellite]]s was realized by the launch of [[Telstar]].

On July 10, 1962, the Telstar spacecraft was launched into orbit by NASA and it was designed and built by Bell Laboratories. The first worldwide television broadcast was July 23, 1962 with a press conference by President Kennedy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eyesofageneration.com/july-23-1962-first-world-wide-television-broadcast-via-telstaron-monday-aft/#:~:text=July%2023%2C%201962%E2%80%A6-,First%20World%20Wide%20Television%20Broadcast%20Via%20Telstar,broadcast%20with%20NBC's%20Chet%20Huntley. |title=Eyes Of A Generation…Television's Living History |website=Eyesofageneration.com |date=23 July 2016 |access-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226032604/https://eyesofageneration.com/july-23-1962-first-world-wide-television-broadcast-via-telstaron-monday-aft/#:~:text=July%2023%2C%201962%E2%80%A6-,First%20World%20Wide%20Television%20Broadcast%20Via%20Telstar,broadcast%20with%20NBC's%20Chet%20Huntley. |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Spring 1964, the building of an electronic switching systems center was planned at Bell Laboratories near Naperville, Illinois. The building in 1966 would be called Indian Hill, and development work from former electronic switching organization at Holmdel and Systems Equipment Engineering organization would occupy the laboratory with engineers from Western Electric Hawthorne Works. Scheduled for work were about 1,200 people when completed in 1966, and peaked at 11,000 before October 2001 Lucent Technologies downsizing occurred.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Iardella |first1=Albert B. |title=Western Electric and the Bell System-A SURVEY OF SERVICE |year=1964 |publisher=Western Electric Company |pages=20 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Catalogs/Western-Electric/WEandBellSystemBook.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905150611/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Catalogs/Western-Electric/WEandBellSystemBook.pdf |archive-date=2020-09-05 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>

In 1964, the [[carbon dioxide laser]] was invented by [[Kumar Patel]] and the discovery/operation of the [[Nd:YAG laser]] was demonstrated by Joseph E. Geusic ''et al.'' Experiments by [[Myriam Sarachik]] provided the first data that confirmed the [[Kondo effect]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=August 31, 2020 |title=Myriam Sarachik Never Gave Up on Physics |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/31/science/myriam-sarachik-physics.html |access-date=October 13, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831164630/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/31/science/myriam-sarachik-physics.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The research of [[Philip W. Anderson]] into electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems led to improved understanding of metals and insulators for which he was awarded the [[Nobel Prize for Physics]] in 1977.<ref>Banks, Michael, "[https://physicsworld.com/a/condensed-matter-physics-pioneer-philip-anderson-dies-aged-96/ Condensed-matter physics pioneer Philip Anderson dies aged 96] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331110547/https://physicsworld.com/a/condensed-matter-physics-pioneer-philip-anderson-dies-aged-96/ |date=March 31, 2020 }}", ''[[Physics World]]'', March 30, 2020</ref> 
In 1965, Penzias and Wilson discovered the [[cosmic microwave background]], for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 |website=Nobelprize.org |access-date=February 24, 2011 |archive-date=August 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801071241/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Frank W. Sinden, Edward E. Zajac, [[Ken Knowlton]], and [[A. Michael Noll]] made computer-animated movies during the early to mid-1960s. [[Ken Knowlton]] invented the computer animation language [[BEFLIX]]. The first digital computer art was created in 1962 by Noll.

In 1966, [[orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing]] (OFDM), a key technology in wireless services, was developed and patented by R. W. Chang.

In December 1966, the [[Bell Laboratories Building (Manhattan)|New York City site]] was sold and became the [[Westbeth Artists Community]] complex.
[[File:Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-19.jpg|thumb|The charge-coupled device was invented by George E. Smith and Willard Boyle.]]
In 1968, [[molecular beam epitaxy]] was developed by J.R. Arthur and A.Y. Cho; molecular beam epitaxy allows semiconductor chips and laser matrices to be manufactured one atomic layer at a time.

In 1969, [[Dennis Ritchie]] and [[Ken Thompson]] created the computer operating system [[UNIX]] for the support of telecommunication switching systems as well as general-purpose computing. Also, in 1969, the [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD) was invented by [[Willard Boyle]] and [[George E. Smith]], for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009.

From 1969 to 1971, [[Aaron Marcus]], the first graphic designer involved with computer graphics, researched, designed, and programmed a prototype interactive page-layout system for the Picturephone.