Editing Bee (section)

===Flight===
[[File:Apis mellifera flying.jpg|thumb|Honeybee in flight carrying pollen in [[pollen basket]]]]
{{further|Insect flight}}

[[Antoine Magnan]]'s 1934 book {{Lang|fr|Le vol des insectes}} says that he and [[André Sainte-Laguë]] had applied the equations of [[air resistance]] to [[insect]]s and found that their flight could not be explained by fixed-wing calculations, but that "One shouldn't be surprised that the results of the calculations don't square with reality".<ref>Ingram, Jay (2001) ''The Barmaid's Brain'', Aurum Press, pp. 91–92, {{ISBN|0716741202}}.</ref> This has led to a common misconception that bees "violate aerodynamic theory". In fact it merely confirms that bees do not engage in fixed-wing flight, and that their flight is explained by other mechanics, such as those used by [[helicopter]]s.<ref>{{cite web|author=Adams, Cecil |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1076/is-it-aerodynamically-impossible-for-bumblebees-to-fly |title=Is it aerodynamically impossible for bumblebees to fly? |publisher=The Straight Dope |date=4 May 1990 |access-date=7 March 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090303140245/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1076/is-it-aerodynamically-impossible-for-bumblebees-to-fly| archive-date= 3 March 2009 | url-status=live}}</ref> In 1996 it was shown that vortices created by many insects' wings helped to provide lift.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/dn8382-secrets-of-bee-flight-revealed.html |title=Life, animal and plant news, articles and features |journal=[[New Scientist]] |date=9 March 2016 |access-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007163926/http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/dn8382-secrets-of-bee-flight-revealed.html |archive-date=7 October 2008}}</ref> High-speed [[cinematography]]<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.newscientist.com/data/images/ns/av/dn8382.avi |title=Images of flight |journal=[[New Scientist]] |access-date=16 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323022150/https://www.newscientist.com/data/images/ns/av/dn8382.avi |archive-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> and robotic mock-up of a bee wing<ref name=caltech>{{cite web|url=https://www.caltech.edu/news/deciphering-mystery-bee-flight-1075|title=Deciphering the Mystery of Bee Flight|publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]]|date=29 November 2005|access-date=8 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917023603/https://www.caltech.edu/news/deciphering-mystery-bee-flight-1075|archive-date=17 September 2016}} Re: work of [[Michael Dickinson (biologist)|Dr. Michael H. Dickinson]].</ref> showed that lift was generated by "the unconventional combination of short, choppy wing strokes, a rapid rotation of the wing as it flops over and reverses direction, and a very fast wing-beat frequency". Wing-beat frequency normally increases as size decreases, but as the bee's wing beat covers such a small [[arc (geometry)|arc]], it flaps approximately 230 times per second, faster than a [[Drosophilidae|fruitfly]] (200 times per second) which is 80 times smaller.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Altshuler, Douglas L. |author2=Dickson, William B. |author3=Vance, Jason T. |author4=Roberts, Stephen P. |author5=Dickinson, Michael H. |title=Short-amplitude high-frequency wing strokes determine the aerodynamics of honeybee flight |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |issue=50 |pages=18213–18218 |year=2005 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0506590102 |pmid=16330767 |pmc=1312389|bibcode=2005PNAS..10218213A |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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